ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: En las cuatro décadas de la epidemia por VIH, se han observado avances notables que han contribuido a una disminución progresiva en la incidencia de nuevas infecciones y en la mortalidad a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, no ha ocurrido lo mismo en Latinoamérica y en Chile. OBJETIVO: Esta revisión tiene como objetivo conocer la epidemiología actual a nivel global, latinoamericano y chileno. METODOLOGÍA: Se analizaron los informes epidemiológicos oficiales de infección por VIH emitidos por organismos nacionales e internacionales, más los estudios epidemiológicos nacionales. RESULTADOS: Se estima que 39 millones de personas viven con VIH en el mundo; no obstante, la mortalidad y la incidencia de nuevos casos han disminuido de forma notoria durante las últimas dos décadas, asociado a una expansión en al acceso a terapia antirretroviral en forma global. A diferencia del resto del mundo, América Latina presenta una tendencia de alza en las nuevas infecciones y Chile registra un aumento de 35% en nuevos casos durante los últimos 10 años, coincidiendo con un aumento en los flujos de migrantes que ha afectado a la región. Algunas estrategias preventivas como la profilaxis pre exposición se han implementa-do a un ritmo lento, tanto a nivel mundial, como latinoamericano. CONCLUSIONES: La epidemiología del VIH presenta características propias regionales y nacionales. En particular en Chile, diversos factores incluyendo déficit en políticas públicas de prevención y los recientes flujos migratorios han modelado nuestra actual epidemia. El desafío presente debe contemplar los esfuerzos multisectoriales para lograr los objetivos de ONUSIDA en esta década.
BACKGROUND: Over the course of the last four decades of global HIV epidemic, significant improvements have contributed to gradually reduce the frequency of new infections and global mortality rates. However, in Latin America particularly in Chile, new infections continue increasing. AIM: This review aims to comprehend the_epidemiology today on a worldwide, Latin American, and Chilean scale. METHODS: National epidemiology studies and official HIV reports from international and national organizations were reviewed. RESULTS: It is estimated that 39 million people live with HIV worldwide; however, mortality and the incidence of new cases have decreased markedly over the last two decades, associated with an expansion in access to antiretroviral therapy globally. In contrast to the rest of the world, Latin America shows an upward trend in new infections, with Chile registering a 35% increase in new cases over the last 10 years, coinciding with an increase in migratory flows that has occurred throughout the region. Some preventive strategies, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis, have been implemented at a slow pace, both globally and in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of HIV has regional and national characteristics. Specifically in Chile, several factors, including deficits in public prevention policies and recent migratory flows, have shaped our current epidemic. The present challenge must contemplate multisectoral efforts to achieve the UNAIDS objectives during this decade.
Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/transmission , Chile/epidemiology , Global Health , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Latin America/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The COVID-19 disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. To date, more than 500 million people have been infected and it has caused over 6 million deaths worldwide. People that belong to the most vulnerable risk groups, such as those at the extremes of life, patients with chronic comorbidities and those with severe immunosuppression, are especially susceptible to developing a severe form of COVID-19 infection and death. Subjects living with HIV, especially those in precarious immunological conditions or those in whom antiretroviral therapy is yet to be started, may be at risk of developing complications related to COVID-19, as observed with other infectious diseases. This review aims to determine the magnitude of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on people living with HIV in Chile.
ABSTRACT
Resumen La enfermedad COVID-19 es una patología de origen infeccioso causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 y fue declarada pandemia por la OMS el 11 de marzo 2020. A la fecha se registran más de 500 millones de personas infectadas y más de 6 millones de fallecidos en todo el mundo. Las personas que pertenecen a grupos de riesgo más vulnerables, particularmente aquellos que se encuentran en los extremos de la vida, con comorbilidades crónicas o inmunocomprometidas, son especialmente susceptibles a presentar un eventual mayor riesgo de infección, de gravedad y de mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Las personas que viven con VIH, especialmente aquellos en precarias condiciones inmunológicas o aquellas que aún no inician terapia antiretroviral, pueden ser un grupo especialmente susceptible de presentar complicaciones relacionadas a esta y otras enfermedades de origen infeccioso. Con esta revisión se pretende determinar la magnitud del impacto del virus SARS-CoV-2 en personas viviendo con VIH en Chile.
Abstract The COVID-19 disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. To date, more than 500 million people have been infected and it has caused over 6 million deaths worldwide. People that belong to the most vulnerable risk groups, such as those at the extremes of life, patients with chronic comorbidities and those with severe immunosuppression, are especially susceptible to developing a severe form of COVID-19 infection and death. Subjects living with HIV, especially those in precarious immunological conditions or those in whom antiretroviral therapy is yet to be started, may be at risk of developing complications related to COVID-19, as observed with other infectious diseases. This review aims to determine the magnitude of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on people living with HIV in Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Chile/epidemiology , Global Health , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , COVID-19 Vaccines , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/prevention & controlABSTRACT
In this viewpoint we would like to describe our results in terms of resistance pattern in Chilean patients with virological failure (VF) on raltegravir (RAL)-containing-regimens and highlight the need for the concomitant availability of genotypic resistance testing to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) introduction in antiretroviral regimens, particularly in countries in South America. Indeed we found in our study the presence of two or more primary mutations in some of the participants which is associated with cross-resistance to all INSTIs. By using timely genotyping, we could optimally manage these patients, early after detection of VF.
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BACKGROUND: Allergies affect children's health as well as their quality of life, stress levels, and family budget. The available literature suggests that family, social and psychological factors are affected by allergic pathologies such as rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, few studies have focused on quantifying such association in child food allergy. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the associations between caregiver variables and children's Food Allergy (FA). METHODS: The study involved 206 participants: 103 mothers plus 103 children with IgE mediated FA. The analyses excluded two outliers comprising 101 subjects. For statistical analyses, each dyad -mother/child- was considered to be one subject unity. A between-subjects one-way ANOVA determined the association of children's cutaneous, gastric and respiratory symptoms with anxiety, depression, perceived social support and socioeconomic factors in the mothers. RESULTS: There are significant associations between children's allergic symptoms (gastric and cutaneous) and mothers' psychological state (anxiety and depression); family budget; social interactions (with friends, family and partner); understanding of health care required by their child; and sleep disorders. Respiratory symptoms did not show any significant associations with the dependent variables. CONCLUSION: FA is a process in which children's symptoms are significantly associated with socioeconomic and psychological variables of the mothers. The presence or absence of some specific symptoms is directly associated with specific impacts on the mothers. An understanding of such dynamics supports the consideration of a comprehensive and multidisciplinary therapeutic approach to offer more ecological healthcare for "families living with FA."
Subject(s)
Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Mothers/psychology , Socioeconomic Factors , Adult , Anxiety/complications , Asthma/complications , Child , Child, Preschool , Depression/complications , Female , Food Hypersensitivity/complications , Food Hypersensitivity/psychology , Humans , Male , Quality of Life , Social SupportABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Food allergy (FA) is a growing condition among children and it's psychological impact over the patients and their caregivers is well known, establishing a vicious circle that perpetuates stress levels. However, psychosocial factors are not commonly included in allergy treatments. Based on the lack of evidence of records about a scale that indicates the level of interaction between biopsychosocial factors in the patient-caregivers dyad for FA, the present research aims to develop a scale with these characteristics as a helpful tool to achieve a more comprehensive system of health care. METHODS: A preliminary 28-item scale was generated (sample N = 99). The scale was adjusted in contents and language after expert opinion and application on patients. A factor analysis was carried out selecting the items from the final scale. RESULTS: The final 9-item scale included three areas: impact on quality of life, social impact and conflicts. The scale had a good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.870) and correlated significantly with anxiety and depression measurements. Moreover, it was able to discriminate between study groups (members and non-members of peer support groups) and proved construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: The SPS-FA is the first scale for the assessment of the interaction of biopsychosocial factors on FA that includes the patient-caregiver dyad. Its application might be relevant for future research, and it can provide the clinician and the researcher with a solid tool to define which type of psychosocial support is required to provide a more comprehensive care in FA.
