ABSTRACT
The ability to directly follow and time-resolve the rearrangement of the nuclei within molecules is a frontier of science that requires atomic spatial and few-femtosecond temporal resolutions. While laser-induced electron diffraction can meet these requirements, it was recently concluded that molecules with particular orbital symmetries (such as πg) cannot be imaged using purely backscattering electron wave packets without molecular alignment. Here, we demonstrate, in direct contradiction to these findings, that the orientation and shape of molecular orbitals presents no impediment for retrieving molecular structure with adequate sampling of the momentum transfer space. We overcome previous issues by showcasing retrieval of the structure of randomly oriented O2 and C2H2 molecules, with πg and πu symmetries, respectively, and where their ionization probabilities do not maximize along their molecular axes. While this removes a serious bottleneck for laser-induced diffraction imaging, we find unexpectedly strong backscattering contributions from low-Z atoms.
ABSTRACT
Each year thousands of patients and staff are assaulted in psychiatric mental health settings. Because there are many reasons for such assaults, employers should develop a comprehensive approach to focus on this issue. A proposed format for a clinical violence prevention and intervention plan is presented as a clinical management tool to address patient assaults in psychiatric mental health settings, along with the rationale, use, and components of such a plan.
Subject(s)
Hospitals, Psychiatric , Personnel, Hospital/education , Program Development/methods , Risk Management/organization & administration , Security Measures/organization & administration , Violence/prevention & control , Humans , Inservice Training/organization & administration , Occupational Health , Organizational Objectives , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
It has been argued that intraspecific mate-choice copying can be adaptive under certain conditions. Dugatkin's (1992, Am. Nat.139, 1384-1389) work with guppies, Poecilia reticulataremains the most influential experimental demonstration of this phenomenon. We replicated Dugatkin's work using several choice criteria to ensure that our results were not dependent upon any single method of judging mate choice. We also tested our findings against two null hypotheses of differing stringency. Irrespective of the choice criteria or null hypothesis used, we did not observe any relationship between female mate choice and copying. We conclude that further experimental evidence of female mate-choice copying is required before the existence of this behaviour can be affirmed.1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
