Subject(s)
Eye Abnormalities , Eye Diseases, Hereditary , Optic Disk , Humans , Optic Disk/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
We report a single case of masquerade glaucoma caused by increased episcleral venous pressure from adnexal lymphoma. The patient presented as a referral for unilateral glaucoma with intraocular pressures (IOPs) consistently >40 mm Hg (right eye). We present data conclusively demonstrating extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the involved eye, and provide an account of the treatment of the tumor with sustained regression and complete resolution of his elevated IOP. We conclude with a discussion of the proposed mechanism. This case serves as a reminder that unilateral open-angle glaucoma can be a sign of indolent ocular adnexal lymphoma. The case also provides a useful model for increased IOP with orbital lesions.
Subject(s)
Conjunctival Neoplasms/complications , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/etiology , Intraocular Pressure , Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/complications , Aged , Biopsy , Conjunctiva/pathology , Conjunctival Neoplasms/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Fluorescein Angiography , Fundus Oculi , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/diagnosis , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/physiopathology , Humans , Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/diagnosis , Male , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is frequently used to treat chronic, intractable back, and leg pain. Implantation can be accomplished with percutaneous leads or paddle leads. Although there is an extensive literature on SCS, the long-term efficacy, particularly with paddle leads, remains poorly defined. Outcome measure choice is important when defining therapeutic efficacy for chronic pain. Numerical rating scales such as the NRS-11 remain the most common outcome measure in the literature, although they may not accurately correlate with quality of life improvements and overall satisfaction. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) or complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) implanted with SCS systems using paddle leads between 1997 and 2008 at the Cleveland Clinic with a minimum six-month follow-up. Patients were contacted to fill out a questionnaire evaluating outcomes with the NRS-11 as well as overall satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 35 eligible patients chose to participate. More than 50% of the patients with CRPS reported greater than 50% pain relief at a mean follow-up of 4.4 years. Approximately 30% of the FBSS patients reported a 50% or greater improvement at a mean follow-up of 3.8 years. However, 77.8% of patients with CRPS and 70.6% of patients with FBSS indicated that they would undergo SCS surgery again for the same outcome. CONCLUSION: Patients with CRPS and FBSS have a high degree of satisfaction, indexed as willingness to undergo the same procedure again for the same outcome at a mean follow-up of approximately four years. The percentage of satisfaction with the SCS system is disproportionally greater than the percentage of patients reporting 50% pain relief, particularly among patients with FBSS. This suggests that the visual analog scale may not be the optimal measure to evaluate long-term outcomes in this patient population.
Subject(s)
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/therapy , Electric Stimulation Therapy/instrumentation , Electrodes, Implanted , Failed Back Surgery Syndrome/therapy , Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pain Measurement , Patient Satisfaction , Retrospective Studies , Spinal Cord/physiopathology , Surveys and Questionnaires , TimeABSTRACT
Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistage process in which precursor lesions progress into early hepatocellular carcinomas (eHCC) by sequential accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. To decode the molecular events during early stages of liver carcinogenesis, we performed gene expression profiling on cirrhotic (regenerative) and dysplastic nodules (DN), as well as eHCC. Although considerable heterogeneity was observed at the regenerative and dysplastic stages, overall, 460 differentially expressed genes were detected between DN and eHCC. Functional analysis of the significant gene set identified the MYC oncogene as a plausible driver gene for malignant conversion of the DNs. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis revealed global activation of the MYC up-regulated gene set in eHCC versus dysplasia. Presence of the MYC signature significantly correlated with increased expression of CSN5, as well as with higher overall transcription rate of genes located in the 8q chromosome region. Furthermore, a classifier constructed from MYC target genes could robustly discriminate eHCC from high-grade and low-grade DNs. In conclusion, our study identified unique expression patterns associated with the transition of high-grade DNs into eHCC and showed that activation of the MYC transcription signature is strongly associated with the malignant conversion of preneoplastic liver lesions.
