Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children in The Bahamas / Prevalencia de la Infección por Helicobacter pylori en los Niños en La Bahamas

OBJECTIVE: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a common bacterial infection that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This bacterium causes a chronic infection that is causally related to illnesses ranging from gastritis, peptic ulcer disease to gastric cancer. It is generally considered that it is acquired in childhood but the prevalence varies considerably between countries and communities. There are few data on the prevalence of H pylori in the Caribbean and none on the prevalence of H pylori in children in the Bahamas. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of H pylori infection in a cohort of school children in the Bahamas. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-one children attending a public primary school in the Bahamas were invited to participate in this study. Consent was obtained for 107 children and each participant completed a brief questionnaire. Valid data were available for 96 of these children. Active H pylori infection was determined using the 13C urea breath test (UBT). RESULTS: Fifty-two children tested positive for H pylori, yielding a prevalence of 54.2%. The median age in the study was nine years with 46.9% male and 53.1% female. No significant relationship was found between gender, breastfeeding, pets and H pylori status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence reported in this study is the highest reported in asymptomatic children in the Caribbean. Further studies are required to determine risk factors for acquisition of H pylori infection in this population.

OBJETIVO: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) es la causa de una infección bacteriana común a nivel mundial, asociada con una morbosidad y mortalidad significativas. Esta bacteria causa una infección crónica que se haya causalmente relacionada con un número de enfermedades que van desde la gastritis y la úlcera péptica hasta el cáncer gástrico. Generalmente se considera que es adquirida en la niñez, pero la prevalencia varía considerablemente entre los países y comunidades. Hay pocos datos con relación a la prevalencia de H pylori en el Caribe, y no existe ningún dato sobre la prevalencia de H pylori en los niños de Bahamas. El objetivo de este estudio piloto fue determinar la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori en una cohorte de niños escolares en la Bahamas. MÉTODOS: Ciento sesenta y un niños que asistían a una escuela primaria pública en Bahamas, fueron invitados a participar en este estudio. Se obtuvo consentimiento para 107 niños, y cada participante respondió a una breve encuesta. Había datos válidos disponibles para 96 de estos niños. La infección activa por H pylori fue determinada usando la prueba de aliento con urea-13C (UBT). RESULTADOS: Cincuenta y dos niños resultaron positivos a la prueba de H pylori, para una prevalencia de 54.2%. La edad promedio de la población en estudio fue de nueve años, con un 46.9% de varones y un 53.1% de hembras. No se halló ninguna relación significativa entre el género, la lactancia materna, las mascotas, y la condición del H pylori. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia reportada en este estudio es la más alta que se haya reportado en niños asintomáticos en el Caribe. Se requieren estudios ulteriores a fin de determinar los factores de riesgo que conducen a la infección por H pylori en esta población.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children in the Bahamas.

OBJECTIVE: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a common bacterial infection that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This bacterium causes a chronic infection that is causally related to illnesses ranging from gastritis, peptic ulcer disease to gastric cancer. It is generally considered that it is acquired in childhood but the prevalence varies considerably between countries and communities. There are few data on the prevalence of H pylori in the Caribbean and none on the prevalence of H pylori in children in the Bahamas. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of H pylori infection in a cohort of school children in the Bahamas. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-one children attending a public primary school in the Bahamas were invited to participate in this study. Consent was obtained for 107 children and each participant completed a brief questionnaire. Valid data were available for 96 of these children. Active H pylori infection was determined using the 13C urea breath test (UBT). RESULTS: Fifty-two children tested positive for H pylori, yielding a prevalence of 54.2%. The median age in the study was nine years with 46.9% male and 53.1% female. No significant relationship was found between gender breastfeeding, pets and H pylori status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence reported in this study is the highest reported in asymptomatic children in the Caribbean. Further studies are required to determine risk factors for acquisition of H pylori infection in this population.

Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children.

BACKGROUND: Tinea capitis is a common contagious fungal infection of the scalp in children. Systemic therapy is required for treatment and to prevent spread. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of systemic anti-fungal drugs for tinea capitis in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register (June 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2005), MEDLINE (2003 to June 2005), EMBASE ( 2003 to June 2005), LILACS (1982 to July 2005), CINAHL (1982 to July 2005), the ACP journal club (1991 to July 2005) and Healthstar (1975 to July 2005). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated systemic antifungal therapy in people with normal immunity under the age of 18 who had tinea capitis confirmed by microscopy or growth of dermatophytes in culture or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two authors independently examined each retrieved trial for eligibility and quality. MAIN RESULTS: We included 21 studies (1812 participants). Infections involving Trichophyton species: Terbinafine for four weeks and griseofulvin for eight weeks showed similar efficacy in 3 studies involving 382 participants (RR 1.09; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.26). Cure rates following treatment with itraconazole and griseofulvin for 6 weeks were similar in 1 study of 35 children (RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.39). Another study of 100 children did not show any significant difference in cure between itraconazole for 2 weeks compared with griseofulvin for 6 weeks (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.04). There was no difference between itraconazole and terbinafine for treatment periods lasting 2 to 3 weeks in 2 studies involving 160 children (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.19). Two studies that included 140 children found similar cure rates between 2 to 4 weeks of fluconazole with 6 weeks of griseofulvin (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.05). Microsporum infections: There was no significant difference in cure between terbinafine and griseofulvin in children with Microsporum infections in 1 small study of 29 children (RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.19 to 2.20). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The best evidence suggests that newer treatments including terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole may be similar to griseofulvin in children with tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species. Newer treatments may be preferred because shorter treatment durations may improve treatment adherence, although they may be more expensive. There is not enough evidence on the use of systemic treatments in children with Microsporum infections. Not all treatments for tinea capitis are available in paediatric formulations but all have reasonable safety profiles.

Weight loss with sibutramine improves glycaemic control and other metabolic parameters in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: To determine the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine hydrochloride in obese patients whose type 2 diabetes was poorly controlled on diet alone or with an oral antidiabetic agent. METHODS: This study was a 24-week, double-blind, multicentre trial following a 5-week placebo run-in period. One hundred and seventy-five obese (body mass index (b.m.i.) > or =27 kg/m2) patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized either to sibutramine (n = 89; mean age 53.5 years; mean weight 99.3 kg) or placebo (n = 86; mean age 55 years; mean weight 98.2 kg) at 16 participating centres. To achieve moderate calorie restriction (deficit > or = 250-500 kcal/day), individual dietary counselling was accompanied by either placebo or sibutramine (initial dosage of 5 mg/day titrated up by 5 mg biweekly through week 6, and maintained at 20 mg through week 24). The main outcome measures included changes in weight, b.m.i., waist and hip circumference, glycaemic control, lipid profile, and quality of life, and evaluation of reported adverse events. RESULTS: Sixty-seven per cent of sibutramine patients and 71% of placebo patients completed the study. At week 24 when comparing those who completed the course, sibutramine compared with placebo patients showed significantly greater (p < 0.001) absolute (-4.3 vs. -0.4 kg) and percentage (-4.5% vs. -0.5%) weight loss. Weight loss > or =5% or 10% was achieved by 33% and 8% of sibutramine patients, respectively, but no placebo patients (p < 0.03 or better). Improvement in glycaemic control was correlated with weight loss (p < 0.001). In 5% and 10% weight-loss responders, mean treatment differences were -0.53% and -1.65% (p < or = 0.05), respectively, for HbA1c, and -1.4 mmol/l (p < or =0.05) and -3.8 (p < or =0.05) mmol/l for fasting plasma glucose. Sibutramine patients also showed improvements in fasting insulin, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and quality-of-life assessments. Overall, sibutramine was well tolerated compared with the placebo. Sibutramine treatment was associated with small mean increases in blood pressure (BP) and pulse, although an increase in BP was not seen in sibutramine-treated patients who lost > or = 5% of their weight. CONCLUSIONS: Sibutramine produced statistically and clinically significant weight loss when used in combination with recommendations for moderate caloric restriction. This weight loss was associated with improvements in metabolic control and quality of life, and sibutramine was generally well tolerated in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Absence of cardiac valve dysfunction in obese patients treated with sibutramine.

OBJECTIVE: Serotonin-releasing agents prescribed as weight-loss medications have been implicated as a cause of acquired aortic and mitral valve abnormalities. Sibutramine hydrochloride (MERIDIA) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with proven efficacy of weight reduction. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of cardiac valve disease in sibutraminetreated patients. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in an ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, 12-month study of sibutramine (followed by a 12-month open label extension) underwent transthoracic echocardiographic imaging and color Doppler interrogation for assessment of cardiac valve anatomy and function. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were evaluated. Of these, 133 were receiving sibutramine (72 in the double-blind period), and 77 were receiving placebo. The mean+/-Standard Deviation age was 54+/-9 years, and the mean duration of treatment was 229+/-117 days (approximately 7.6 months). The prevalence of left-sided cardiac valve dysfunction was low and similar for the two treatment groups (sibutramine 3/133, or 2.3%; placebo 2/77, or 2.6%). All five cases were cases of aortic insufficiency; four were mild, one was severe (in a placebo patient). All three sibutramine cases were patients over age 50; two had a history of systemic hypertension. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of left-sided cardiac valve dysfunction was not higher than background in obese patients treated with sibutramine for an average of 7.6 months.

Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss.

OBJECTIVE: Sibutramine is a weight control drug that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. In animals, it reduces food intake and increases thermogenesis and preliminary data in human beings showed weight loss. This paper reports a 24-week dose-ranging study to determine the effect of sibutramine on body weight of patients with obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seven clinical centers screened 1463 patients with obesity and randomized 1047 to 24 weeks of treatment with 1 of 6 doses of sibutramine (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 mg) or placebo once daily. Six hundred eighty-three patients completed the study. A two-week placebo run-in period was used to initiate a standardized program of diet, physical activity, and lifestyle changes. RESULTS: Weight loss was dose-related and statistically significant vs. placebo (p<0.05) across all time-points for a 5 mg/day to 30 mg/day dosage of sibutramine. At week 24, percent weight loss from baseline for completers was: placebo, 1.2%; 1 mg, 2.7%; 5 mg, 3.9%; 10 mg, 6.1%; 15 mg, 7.4%; 20 mg, 8.8%; and 30 mg, 9.4%. Weight loss achieved at week 4 was predictive of weight loss achieved at week 24. Patients losing weight demonstrated an increase in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and reductions in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and uric acid. Small mean increases in blood pressure and pulse rate (with considerable individual variability) were observed in patients treated with sibutramine. The most frequent adverse events were dry mouth, anorexia, and insomnia. DISCUSSION: Sibutramine administered once daily for 24 weeks in the weight loss phase of treatment for uncomplicated obesity produced dose-related weight loss and was well tolerated. Improvements in serum lipids and uric acid accompany sibutramine-induced weight loss. Most of the adverse events observed on sibutramine are related to its pharmacology, including small mean increases in blood pressure and heart rate.

Cyclosporin inhibition of apoptosis induced by mitochondrial complex I toxins.

The cause of dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown, but may involve oxidative stress and mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Opening of the permeability transition pore and disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential are known to be common events in the apoptotic pathway. Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressant analogue, N-methyl-4-valine cyclosporin inhibit the opening of the mitochondrial megachannel. Complex I inhibitors, including MPP+, are known to induce both apoptosis in cell culture and parkinsonism in man and other primates. The present study using propidium iodide and FITC-TUNEL staining to identify apoptotic cells, demonstrates that rotenone, MPP+ and tetrahydroisoquinoline induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. Apoptosis induced by these agents was decreased by cyclosporin A and N-methyl-4-valine cyclosporin. Thus, apoptosis induced by inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I is probably mediated by permeability pore opening and collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. This observation may allow the development of novel neuroprotective strategies in disorders that may involve mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death.

Mitochondria in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

Mitochondria play a critical role in cellular energy metabolism. The identification of a respiratory chain defect in Parkinson's disease (PD) provides not only a direct link with toxin models of parkinsonism but also insight into the mechanisms involved in etiology and pathogenesis. The presence of the complex I deficiency in PD substantia nigra and platelets suggests the involvement of a systemic cause. Genomic transplantation studies have been undertaken that involve the transfer to a novel nuclear background of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from PD patients with a complex I defect, followed by both mixed and clonal expansion of the resulting cybrids. The mixed cybrids with the PD mtDNA expressed the complex I defect present in the original PD donor platelets. Clonal expansion of one such mixed cybrid culture produced a spectrum of clones with complex I and complex IV activities, ranging from severe deficiency to normal range, a pattern typical of a heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation. Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and functional assessments of delta psi(m) all showed a pattern in the PD clones typical of that produced by a mtDNA mutation. Patients with focal dystonia and a platelet complex I defect were used as disease controls for the cybrid studies. The mitochondrial abnormality was eradicated by transfer of dystonia mtDNA to a control nuclear background in both mixed and clonal cybrids, with no evidence of clonal heterogeneity. These results help to validate our findings in the PD patients and suggest that the complex I deficiency in dystonia is not due to an abnormality of mtDNA. We hypothesize that the mtDNA defect alone may be the cause of PD in a proportion of patients and may contribute to pathogenesis in others. Identification of the mtDNA genotype responsible for PD may allow the testing of neuroprotective strategies in appropriate patients.

Troglitazone in type II diabetes mellitus.

Troglitazone, a new antihyperglycemic agent, is approved for use alone, with oral sulfonylureas, or with insulin in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. Rather than stimulating insulin secretion, it enhances insulin sensitivity. Potential advantages of troglitazone over oral sulfonylureas include decreased endogenous insulin concentrations, decreased exogenous insulin requirements, reduced hypoglycemic risk, and convenient once/day administration. The effect on morbidity and mortality from lowering endogenous and exogenous insulin concentrations remains to be determined. Troglitazone also has potential disadvantages. It induces cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 3A4, although few drug interactions have been identified to date. Serum transaminases must be monitored routinely because of rarely reported cases of idiosyncratic hepatocellular injury. In addition, the cost of troglitazone is much higher than that of other oral antihyperglycemic agents or insulin. Given the available information, troglitazone has limited benefit over oral sulfonylureas or metformin as monotherapy or in combination with oral sulfonylureas. Until additional combination and comparative studies have been done, the agent should be reserved for patients with poor glycemic control receiving high daily doses of insulin.