ABSTRACT
Resumen: Este ensayo busca analizar de forma crítica el término deporte a partir de su definición y sus características. De esta forma, se trata el tan controvertido tema de si los deportes electrónicos (e-sports) pudieran formar parte del concepto deporte. A partir de esta idea se pretende provocar la reflexión y el debate con respecto a la consistencia, claridad y precisión del término deporte. Como conclusiones, se defiende que los e-sports podrían considerarse deportes según la definición actual del término, si bien la conclusión más relevante es que el concepto deporte necesita de una nueva definición donde se clarifiquen sus características básicas en relación al contexto actual.
Resumo: Este ensaio procura analisar criticamente o termo esporte a partir de sua definição e características. Desta forma, trata da questão altamente controversa de saber se o esporte eletrônico (e-sports) poderia fazer parte do conceito de esporte. Com base nesta ideia, pretende-se provocar reflexão e debate sobre a consistência, clareza e precisão do termo esporte. Como conclusões, argumenta-se que o esporte eletrônico poderia ser considerado esporte de acordo com a definição atual do termo, embora a conclusão mais relevante seja que o conceito de esporte necessita de uma nova definição nas qual as suas características básicas sejam clarificadas em relação ao contexto atual.
Abstract: This essay seeks to critically analyze the term sport from its definition and characteristics. Therefore, it is the highly controversial issue of whether electronic sports (e-sports) could be part of the concept of sport. Based on this idea, the work intends to provoke reflection and debate on the consistency, clarity, and precision of the term sport. As conclusion, it is argued that e-sports could be considered sports according to the current definition of the term, although the most relevant conclusion is that the concept of sport needs a new definition where its basic characteristics are clarified in the current context.
Subject(s)
Sociology , Video Games , TerminologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the discontinuation of oral poliovirus vaccine after eradication of wild poliovirus. Studies assessing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) immunogenicity in tropical countries, using the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) schedule, have been limited. METHODS: We conducted a randomized clinical trial in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Infants were assigned to 1 of 2 study arms: those in the EPI arm received IPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age, and those in the US arm received IPV at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were tested on serum specimens obtained before administration of the first dose of IPV and 28-45 days after administration of the last dose of IPV. RESULTS: Seroconversion rates for the EPI (n=225) and US (n=230) arms, respectively, were 85.8% and 99.6% for poliovirus type 1 (P<.001), 86.2% and 100% for poliovirus type 2 (P<.001), and 96.9% and 99.1% for poliovirus type 3 (P=.08). Seroconversion rates were lower among infants in the EPI arm who had high maternal antibody levels for all 3 poliovirus types (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The EPI schedule resulted in lower seroconversion rates for poliovirus types 1 and 2. These results are relevant for tropical countries planning to use IPV in a posteradication environment.