ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients typically overmonitor their own behavior, as shown by symptoms of excessive doubt and checking. Although this is well established for the patients' relationship with external stimuli in the environment, no study has explored their monitoring of internal body signals, a process known to be affected in anxiety-related syndromes. Here, we explored this issue through a cardiac interoception task that measures sensing of heartbeats. Our aim was to explore key behavioral and electrophysiological aspects of internal-cue monitoring in OCD, while examining their potential distinctiveness in this condition. METHOD: We administered a heartbeat detection (HBD) task (with related interoceptive confidence and awareness measures) to three matched groups (OCD patients, panic disorder patients, healthy controls) and recorded ongoing modulations of two task-relevant electrophysiological markers: the heart evoked potential (HEP) and the motor potential (MP). RESULTS: Behaviorally, OCD patients outperformed controls and panic patients in the HBD task. Moreover, they exhibited greater amplitude modulation of both the HEP and the MP during cardiac interoception. However, they evinced poorer confidence and awareness of their interoceptive skills. CONCLUSIONS: Convergent behavioral and electrophysiological data showed that overactive monitoring in OCD extends to the sensing of internal bodily signals. Moreover, this pattern discriminated OCD from panic patients, suggesting a condition-distinctive alteration. Our results highlight the potential of exploring interoceptive processes in the OCD spectrum to better characterize the population's cognitive profile. Finally, these findings may lay new bridges between somatic theories of emotion and cognitive models of OCD.
Subject(s)
Evoked Potentials/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Interoception/physiology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/physiopathology , Panic Disorder/physiopathology , Adult , Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
All the cultures for mycobacteriae taken from 1967 to 1973 at the Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social were reviewed. From 802 positive cultures, 361 (44.2 per cent) were atypical mycobacteriae. 89 per cent of them were scotochromogen, 10.3 per cent of rapid growth, one non-chromogen, and none were photochromogen. These data are in contrast with those observed in other countries. Isolation sources varied also from other reports, in this series the most common isolation were from urine specimens, sputum, feces and bone marrow. A possible explanation for that in this hospital there are very few pulmonary patients. The percentage of atypical mycobacteriae was greatest in the last two years. In bacterioscopic examination atypical micobacteriae were detected less frequently than M. tuberculosis.