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1.
J Infect Dis ; 222(11): 1837-1842, 2020 11 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32496516

ABSTRACT

AIDS Clinical Trials Group study A5308 found reduced T-cell activation and exhaustion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) controllers start antiretroviral therapy (ART). We further assessed HIV-specific T-cell responses and post-ART viral loads. Before ART, the 31% of participants with persistently undetectable viremia had more robust HIV-specific T-cell responses. During ART, significant decreases were observed in a broad range of T-cell responses. Eight controllers in A5308 and the Study of the Consequences of the Protease Inhibitor Era (SCOPE) cohort showed no viremia above the level of quantification in the first 12 weeks after ART discontinuation. ART significantly reduced HIV-specific T-cell responses in HIV controllers but did not adversely affect controller status after ART discontinuation.


Subject(s)
Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Adult , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Cohort Studies , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Humans , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Viral Load/drug effects , Viremia/immunology
2.
Clin Infect Dis ; 70(8): 1636-1642, 2020 04 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31131858

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite low plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA, HIV controllers have evidence of viral replication and elevated inflammation. We assessed the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV suppression, immune activation, and quality of life (QoL). METHODS: A5308 was a prospective, open-label study of rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in ART-naive HIV controllers (N = 35), defined as having HIV RNA <500 copies/mL for ≥12 months. The primary outcome measured change in %CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells. Residual plasma viremia was measured using the integrase single-copy assay. QoL was measured using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Outcomes were evaluated using repeated measures general estimating equations models. RESULTS: Before ART, HIV controllers with undetectable residual viremia <0.6 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL had higher CD4+ counts and lower levels of T-cell activation than those with detectable residual viremia. ART use was effective in further increasing the proportion of individuals with undetectable residual viremia (pre-ART vs after 24-48 weeks of ART: 19% vs 94%, P < .001). Significant declines were observed in the %CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells at 24-48 (-4.0%, P = .001) and 72-96 (-7.2%, P < .001) weeks after ART initiation. ART use resulted in decreases of several cellular markers of immune exhaustion and in a modest but significant improvement in self-reported QoL. There were no significant changes in CD4+ counts or HIV DNA. CONCLUSIONS: ART in HIV controllers reduces T-cell activation and improves markers of immune exhaustion. These results support the possible clinical benefits of ART in this population.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections , HIV-1 , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Lymphocyte Activation , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Viral Load
3.
J Clin Invest ; 128(5): 1903-1912, 2018 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29461980

ABSTRACT

HLA-B*57 control of HIV involves enhanced CD8+ T cell responses against infected cells, but extensive heterogeneity exists in the level of HIV control among B*57+ individuals. Using whole-genome sequencing of untreated B*57+ HIV-1-infected controllers and noncontrollers, we identified a single variant (rs643347A/G) encoding an isoleucine-to-valine substitution at position 47 (I47V) of the inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR3DL1 as the only significant modifier of B*57 protection. The association was replicated in an independent cohort and across multiple outcomes. The modifying effect of I47V was confined to B*57:01 and was not observed for the closely related B*57:03. Positions 2, 47, and 54 tracked one another nearly perfectly, and 2 KIR3DL1 allotypes differing only at these 3 positions showed significant differences in binding B*57:01 tetramers, whereas the protective allotype showed lower binding. Thus, variation in an immune NK cell receptor that binds B*57:01 modifies its protection. These data highlight the exquisite specificity of KIR-HLA interactions in human health and disease.


Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , HIV Infections , HIV-1/immunology , HLA-B Antigens , Receptors, KIR3DL1 , Adult , Cohort Studies , Female , HIV Infections/genetics , HIV Infections/immunology , HLA-B Antigens/genetics , HLA-B Antigens/immunology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Receptors, KIR3DL1/genetics , Receptors, KIR3DL1/immunology
4.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 15843, 2017 Nov 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29158528

ABSTRACT

Approximately three quarters of acute hepatitis C (HCV) infections evolve to a chronic state, while one quarter are spontaneously cleared. Genetic predispositions strongly contribute to the development of chronicity. We have conducted a genome-wide association study to identify genomic variants underlying HCV spontaneous clearance using ImmunoChip in European and African ancestries. We confirmed two previously reported significant associations, in the IL28B/IFNL4 and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) regions, with spontaneous clearance in the European population. We further fine-mapped the association in the MHC to a region of about 50 kilo base pairs, down from 1 mega base pairs in the previous study. Additional analyses suggested that the association in MHC is stronger in samples from North America than those from Europe.


Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Hepatitis C/genetics , Interleukins/genetics , Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics , Europe , Female , Genome-Wide Association Study , Genotype , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepacivirus/pathogenicity , Hepatitis C/pathology , Hepatitis C/virology , Humans , Interferons , Male , North America , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
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