Effect of end-inspiratory pause duration on respiratory system compliance calculation in mechanically ventilated dogs with healthy lungs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare respiratory system compliance (CRS), expressed per kilogram of bodyweight (CRSBW), calculated without end-inspiratory pause (EIP) and after three EIP times (0.2, 0.5 and 1 seconds) with that after 3 second EIP (considered the reference EIP for static CRS) and to determine the EIP times that provided CRSBW values in acceptable agreement with static CRSBW during controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) in anaesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, nonblinded, crossover clinical study. ANIMALS: A group of 24 client-owned dogs with healthy lungs undergoing surgery in lateral recumbency. METHODS: During CMV in dogs undergoing general anaesthesia, five EIPs [0 (no EIP), 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 3 seconds] were consecutively applied in random order. Tidal volume (Vt) was set at 10 mL kg-1 and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was not applied. Respiratory rate and inspiratory time were established according to each EIP time, setting EIP between 0 and 50% of the inspiratory time. The CRSBW was calculated as [expired Vt/(plateau pressure - PEEP)]/bodyweight and recorded every 15 seconds for 2 minutes after a 5 minute equilibration period with each EIP. One-way anova for repeated measures and the Bland-Altman analysis were used to compare CRSBW and evaluate agreement between EIP times, respectively. RESULTS: The CRSBW was significantly greater as the EIP time increased up to 1 second (p < 0.05). In the Bland-Altman analysis, none of the tested EIPs (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 seconds) provided 95% confidence intervals for limits of agreement within the maximum allowed difference considered for acceptable agreement with 3 second EIP. CONCLUSIONS: and clinical relevance An EIP ≤ to 1 second does not provide a CRSBW value in acceptable agreement with static CRSBW in healthy dogs. Besides, the application of an EIP ≤ to 0.5 seconds underestimates the static CRSBW to an increasing extent as the EIP time decreases.

Translation and linguistic validation into Spanish of the Owner-Reported Outcome Measure "Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs".

Introduction: Assessing chronic pain in dogs has been greatly favoured by the development of Owner-Reported Outcome Measures. Among them, the Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) has been widely used for this purpose. Most of these tools have been written in English and its use by non English natives requires not only translation but also linguistic validation for use by veterinarians and owners. For its use, the LOAD has not undergone translation into Spanish and the objective was to generate a linguistically validated Spanish translation of the LOAD. Methods: Following the World Health Organisation and the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research published guidelines, the original LOAD English version underwent analysis and translation by two native linguists proficient in the target language. Both translations were then reviewed by a third native linguist to identify potential disparities and establish a cohesive translation (reconciliation). Subsequently, an independent linguist, fluent in both English and the target language, conducted the back translation. Finally, the research team compared the original and back translated versions to pinpoint and resolve any significant differences. Following the creation of the translated version, a cognitive debriefing was conducted to assess the questionnaire within the target population. Results: A total of 89 surveys were distributed to dog owners of varying ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Although there were some suggestions and comments, and some adjustments were made, all respondents found the survey to be clear, achieving a linguistic validation of the Spanish LOAD.

Translation to Spanish and linguistic validation of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory.

Introduction: Pain scales for the assessment of chronic pain have been developed for dogs but they should be translated and linguistically validated to be used by owners with different native languages. The Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) is widely employed for this purpose but has not been translated into Spanish. Thus, the aim was to produce a validated translation of the Spanish CBPI. Methods: The original English version of the CBPI was analyzed and translated by two native linguists of the target language and both revised by a third native linguist to identify potential discrepancies and create a unified translation (reconciliation). Then, an independent linguist with native fluency in English and the target language drafted the back-translation. Finally, the research team confronted both the original and the back-translation to identify and solve relevant differences. Once the translated version was produced, a cognitive debriefing was performed to assess the questionnaire in the target population. Results: A total of 50 surveys were conducted to dog and cat owners of different ages, sex, and socio-economic characteristics. All respondents considered the survey to be clear and a final version of the Spanish CBPI has been produced.

Statistical Analysis of the Pouring Method's Influence on the Distribution of Metallic Macrofibres into Vibrated Concrete.

The use of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) in structural applications is increasing significantly as a result of (1) the acceptance of this composite into design guidelines and (2) the improvement in terms of sustainability performance that has been reported for cases where FRC has been used. In this context, fibre orientation and distribution are factors that govern the post-cracking response of the FRC. Researchers have already dealt with the analysis of both variables from an experimental and numerical perspective, and design-oriented recommendations were included in existing design guidelines (i.e., fib Model Code 2020). Nonetheless, there are still technical aspects to be answered within a research framework before the influence of these variables on the mechanical response of FRC could be covered with sufficient reliability. In this regard, this research is aimed at shedding light on the influence of the mould geometry and concrete pouring/vibration procedures on the fibre orientation and distribution variables as well as on the post-cracking performance of the FRC. An extensive experimental programme aimed at characterising these variables using novel testing techniques (i.e., an inductive non-destructive approach for quantifying fibre amount and orientation and the BCN test for assessing the pre- and post-cracking responses of the FRC) was carried out for this purpose. A relationship has been found between the shape of the formwork and the direction of pouring, along with the direction and distribution of the fibres, both of which proved to have an influence on the residual tensile strength of the concrete. However, it has been confirmed that the first crack resistance depends on the concrete matrix, with the addition of fibres having no relevant influence on that mechanical parameter. The results and conclusions derived from this experimental programme can be extended to FRCs and boundary conditions similar to those established herein.

Ca2+- and Voltage-Activated K+ (BK) Channels in the Nervous System: One Gene, a Myriad of Physiological Functions.

BK channels are large conductance potassium channels characterized by four pore-forming α subunits, often co-assembled with auxiliary ß and γ subunits to regulate Ca2+ sensitivity, voltage dependence and gating properties. BK channels are abundantly expressed throughout the brain and in different compartments within a single neuron, including axons, synaptic terminals, dendritic arbors, and spines. Their activation produces a massive efflux of K+ ions that hyperpolarizes the cellular membrane. Together with their ability to detect changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, BK channels control neuronal excitability and synaptic communication through diverse mechanisms. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that dysfunction of BK channel-mediated effects on neuronal excitability and synaptic function has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, mental retardation, and autism, as well as in motor and cognitive behavior. Here, we discuss current evidence highlighting the physiological importance of this ubiquitous channel in regulating brain function and its role in the pathophysiology of different neurological disorders.

Influence of the Results of Control of Intakes, Proteins and Anthropometry Nutritional Screening, Sarcopenia and Body Composition on the Clinical Evolution of Hospitalized Patients.

(1) Background: Hospital malnutrition and sarcopenia are common in inpatients and are associated with worse prognosis. Our objective is to determine the association of the positivity of CIPA (Control of Intakes, Proteins and Anthropometry) nutrition screening tool and sarcopenia and evaluate its prognostic implications (length of stay, readmissions and mortality) as well as different components of body composition. (2) Methodology: Cross-sectional single-center study and prospective six months follow-up for prognostic variables. On admission, CIPA and EWGSOP2 criteria were assessed. (3) Results: Four hundred inpatients, a median of 65.71 years old and 83.6% with high comorbidity, were evaluated. In total, 34.8% had positive CIPA and 19.3% sarcopenia. Positive CIPA and sarcopenia had worse results in body composition (fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI)) and dynamometry. Positive CIPA is significantly associated with worse prognosis (mortality (OR = 1.99), readmissions (OR = 1.86) and length of stay (B = 0.19)). Positive CIPA and sarcopenia combined are associated with a tendency to higher mortality (OR = 2.1, p = 0.088). Low hand grip strength (HGS) is significantly related to a higher length of stay (B = -0.12). (4) Conclusions: In hospitalized patients, malnutrition independently and combined with sarcopenia is associated with a worse prognosis but not body composition. Low HGS is related to a higher length of stay.

Attitudes to acute pain and the use of pain assessment scales among Spanish small animal veterinarians.

Evaluation of acute pain in dogs and cats is the basis for an appropriate treatment and improved well-being. The difficulties involved in pain assessment pose a challenge for veterinarians, and recent findings indicate that the most effective tools available-validated pain assessment scales-may not be widely utilized. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the level of concern among Spanish veterinarians regarding acute pain in companion animals. Additionally, it sought to determine whether this concern correlates with the utilization of optimal assessment tools. Methods: A survey was conducted to explore Spanish veterinarians' attitudes toward pain and its assessment. The survey was distributed through two most prominent small animal veterinary associations, the Spanish association for veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, as well as key industry players committed to proactive pain management. Descriptive analysis of the collected data was performed using Excel and SPSS. Results: A total of 292 veterinarians participated in the study. A high level of concern regarding pain in dogs and cats was determined where 44% of surveyed veterinarians assessed pain in all patients. Despite an awareness of validated pain scales, only 28% used them. The preferred scales were the Glasgow CMPS for dogs (94%) and the Feline Grimace Scale for cats (93%). Among respondents who do not use these validated tools, there was a considerable interest in incorporating these scales into practice (85%) and considered lack of training was the most relevant issue (32%). Other challenges to scale utilization were identified, including constraints related to time, staffing, and the need to establish a habit. Conclusions and relevance: Spanish small animal veterinarians demonstrated a strong awareness to pain in their patients and employed various methods for pain assessment. However, a limited use of validated tools was identified and likely attributed to challenges such as a lack of established routine, time constraints, insufficient personnel, and, notably, a knowledge gap among veterinarians who do not employ pain assessment scales. The most commonly used scales were the Glasgow CMPS for dogs and the FGS for cats. Overall, these results suggest a window of opportunity for the implementation of training programs in small animal pain assessment at a national level.

Comparison of the sedative effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine at low doses in healthy dogs: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sedative effects of dexmedetomidine administered either intranasally or intramuscularly to healthy dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. ANIMALS: A group of 16 client-owned healthy dogs. METHODS: Dogs were randomly allocated to one of two groups that were administered dexmedetomidine 5 µg kg-1 via either the intranasal route (INDex), through a mucosal atomization device in one nostril, or the intramuscular route (IMDex), into the epaxial muscles. Ease of intranasal administration, sedation score, onset of sedation, cardiopulmonary variables, mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and response to venous catheterization were recorded at 0 (baseline), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 minutes, following drug administration. Data were compared with the one-way anova, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square test, where appropriate. RESULTS: Groups were not different for age, sex, weight, body condition score or temperament. Sedation scores, MNTs and response to intravenous catheter placement were not different when dexmedetomidine was administered by either route (p = 0.691; p = 0.630 and p = 0.435, respectively). Onset of sedation was not different between groups INDex and IMDex reaching a score of 4.2 ± 0.9 and 5.5 ± 1.2 at 9 ± 5 and 8 ± 4 minutes, respectively (p = 0.467). The highest sedation score was achieved at 30 and 35 minutes and sedation scores were 9.7 ± 2.0 and 9.5 ± 2.3 in groups INDex and IMDex, respectively (p = 0.799). Respiratory rate was higher in group INDex (p = 0.014), while there were no differences between routes in heart rate (p = 0.275), systolic (p = 0.957), diastolic (p = 0.837) or mean arterial pressure (p = 0.921). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine at 5 µg kg-1 provides effective sedation in healthy dogs.

Connexin 43, Bcl-2, Bax, Ki67, and E-cadherin patterns in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with GJA1 rs12197797 C/G

Background: To our knowledge, there is no useful and accurate prognostic biomarker or biomarkers for patientswith oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a tumor with uncertain biological behavior, and unpredictable clinical progress. The purposes of this study were: a) to determine the expresión profile of Connexin 43, Bcl-2, Bax,E-cadherin, and Ki67 in patients with OSCC; b) identify the GJCA1 rs12197797 genotypic composition.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study using genomic DNA and biopsy samples extracted from the oralmucosa with/without OSCC, older than 18 years, both genders, attended at Facultad de Odontología, UniversidadNacional Córdoba. Immunostaining for Cx43, Bcl-2, Bax, E-cadherin, and Ki67 and genotyping GJA1 rs12197797by RFLP were performed. Odds Ratio (95% CI), Spearman Coefficient were estimated. Mann-Whitney test wasapplied to analyze immunostaining between controls/cases (p <0.05 was set for statistical significance).Results: GG (mutant) was the most frequent genotype in patients with OSCC diagnosis (53.2%) in relation toCC “healthy” genotype (p=0.00487; OR=7.33; CI95% [1.1-54.7]). And, the allele G (mutant) had a presence in75.5% of OSCC patients. However, no significant association was observed between alleles C/G and diagnosis(p=0.0565). The heterozygous genotype was the most frequent in the patients of both groups Cx43 and E-cadherinmarkers were lower in OSCCs in relation to controls. Ki67 and Bcl-2 immunolabeling were high on OSCC, andBax immunomarker was diminished in OSCC.Conclusions: We hypothesized that the oral epithelium losses Connexin 43 and E-cadherin in the membrane, whichmodifies cell differentiation. The Ki67 and Bcl2 overexpression would increase the cell density in the tissue, by promoting proliferation and decreasing apoptosis. And, this study shows evidence that patients who carry on allele G ofGJA1rs12197797 could be at risk of developing OSCC. (AU)

Mechanism of voltage sensing in Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ (BK) channels.

In neurosecretion, allosteric communication between voltage sensors and Ca2+ binding in BK channels is crucially involved in damping excitatory stimuli. Nevertheless, the voltage-sensing mechanism of BK channels is still under debate. Here, based on gating current measurements, we demonstrate that two arginines in the transmembrane segment S4 (R210 and R213) function as the BK gating charges. Significantly, the energy landscape of the gating particles is electrostatically tuned by a network of salt bridges contained in the voltage sensor domain (VSD). Molecular dynamics simulations and proton transport experiments in the hyperpolarization-activated R210H mutant suggest that the electric field drops off within a narrow septum whose boundaries are defined by the gating charges. Unlike Kv channels, the charge movement in BK appears to be limited to a small displacement of the guanidinium moieties of R210 and R213, without significant movement of the S4.

Serum C-reactive protein and iron levels following gonadectomy are not modified by perioperative administration of robenacoxib to dogs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the perioperative effects of robenacoxib on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and iron concentrations in dogs undergoing gonadectomy. In a prospective, blinded, controlled clinical trial, 60 healthy dogs were randomly assigned to receive preoperative subcutaneous injection of either robenacoxib [2 mg/kg body weight (BW)], meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg BW), or saline (0.04 mL/kg BW), followed by oral administration over 72 h (robenacoxib: 2 to 4 mg/kg BW; meloxicam: 0.1 mg/kg BW; saline: gelatin capsules). Blood samples were taken before surgery and 12, 24, 48, 72 h, and 7 d after surgery. Pain scores were assessed via the short-form Glasgow Composite Pain Scale over 72 h postoperatively. C-reactive protein (CRP) and iron serum levels increased and decreased (P < 0.01, both), respectively, after surgery and returned to baseline within 1 wk. No differences were observed among treatments (P > 0.05) or based on surgery/gender (P > 0.05). Pain assessment revealed a higher incidence of treatment failure in saline (6 females versus 2 and 1 female in robenacoxib and meloxicam, respectively). In conclusion, robenacoxib and meloxicam had no influence on postoperative CRP or iron in dogs, which suggests that these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not have a relevant effect on these biomarkers.

Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer les effets périopératoires du robenacoxib sur les concentrations sériques de protéine C réactive (CRP) et de fer chez des chiens subissant une gonadectomie. Dans un essai clinique prospectif, en aveugle et contrôlé, 60 chiens en bonne santé ont été randomisés pour recevoir une injection sous-cutanée préopératoire de robenacoxib [2 mg/kg de poids corporel (PC)], de méloxicam (0,2 mg/kg de poids corporel) ou de solution saline (0,04 mL/kg de poids corporel), suivie d'une administration orale pendant 72 h (robenacoxib : 2 à 4 mg/kg de poids corporel; méloxicam : 0,1 mg/kg de poids corporel; saline : gélules). Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés avant la chirurgie et 12, 24, 48, 72 h et 7 jours après la chirurgie. Les pointages de douleur ont été évalués via l'échelle abrégée Glasgow Composite Pain Scale sur 72 h après l'opération. Les taux sériques de CRP et de fer ont augmenté et diminué (P < 0,01, les deux), respectivement, après la chirurgie et sont revenus à la valeur de base en 1 semaine. Aucune différence n'a été observée entre les traitements (P > 0,05) ou en fonction de la chirurgie/du sexe (P > 0,05). L'évaluation de la douleur a révélé une incidence plus élevée d'échec du traitement avec la saline (6 femelles contre 2 et 1 femelles pour le robenacoxib et le méloxicam, respectivement). En conclusion, le robenacoxib et le méloxicam n'ont eu aucune influence sur la CRP ou le fer postopératoire chez le chien, ce qui suggère que ces anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS) n'ont pas d'effet pertinent sur ces biomarqueurs.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Intraoperative effect of low doses of ketamine or dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusions in healthy dogs receiving propofol total intravenous anaesthesia and epidural anaesthesia: A prospective, randomised clinical study.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of either ketamine or dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on intraoperative propofol anaesthetic requirements during total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in healthy dogs undergoing hindlimbs orthopaedic procedures receiving epidural anaesthesia. In this randomised, blinded clinical study, thirty-nine healthy client-owned dogs were premedicated intramuscularly (dexmedetomidine 4 µg/kg and methadone 0.3 mg/kg). General anaesthesia was induced to effect with propofol administered as intravenous bolus, and maintained with propofol TIVA (18 mg/kg/h), adjusted to meet the suitable clinical anaesthetic depth (indicatively±20%) based on clinical judgement. Lumbosacral epidural anaesthesia was performed using bupivacaine (1 mg/kg) and morphine preservative free (0.1 mg/kg). Dogs randomly received either saline (SP; loading dose 1 mL/kg, CRI 1 mL/kg/h), or ketamine (KP; loading dose 1.5 mg/kg, CRI 1.5 mg/kg/h), or dexmedetomidine (DP; loading dose 1 µg/kg/, CRI 1 µg/kg/h). Physiological variables were recorded intraoperatively at 5-min intervals using standard-of-care monitoring. Recovery quality and duration were recorded. Treatment groups were compared with parametric and non-parametric tests as appropriate, p < 0.05. Propofol rates and recovery scores were similar between groups. Overall mean and diastolic blood pressures were higher in group DP compared to group KP (12-14 mmHg, p = 0.016 and p = 0.015, respectively). More dogs required mechanical ventilation in group KP (12 dogs) than in either group SP or DP (7 dogs per group, p = 0.037). Ketamine or dexmedetomidine CRIs, at the studied rates, did not reduce propofol TIVA requirements in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery with epidural anaesthesia.

BK in Double-Membrane Organelles: A Biophysical, Pharmacological, and Functional Survey.

In the 1970s, calcium-activated potassium currents were recorded for the first time. In 10years, this Ca2+-activated potassium channel was identified in rat skeletal muscle, chromaffin cells and characterized in skeletal muscle membranes reconstituted in lipid bilayers. This calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channel, dubbed BK for "Big K" due to its large ionic conductance between 130 and 300 pS in symmetric K+. The BK channel is a tetramer where the pore-forming α subunit contains seven transmembrane segments. It has a modular architecture containing a pore domain with a highly potassium-selective filter, a voltage-sensor domain and two intracellular Ca2+ binding sites in the C-terminus. BK is found in the plasma membrane of different cell types, the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoBK) and the nuclear envelope's outer membrane (nBK). Like BK channels in the plasma membrane (pmBK), the open probability of mitoBK and nBK channels are regulated by Ca2+ and voltage and modulated by auxiliary subunits. BK channels share common pharmacology to toxins such as iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin, paxilline, and agonists of the benzimidazole family. However, the precise role of mitoBK and nBK remains largely unknown. To date, mitoBK has been reported to play a role in protecting the heart from ischemic injury. At the same time, pharmacology suggests that nBK has a role in regulating nuclear Ca2+, membrane potential and expression of eNOS. Here, we will discuss at the biophysical level the properties and differences of mitoBK and nBK compared to those of pmBK and their pharmacology and function.

Individualized positive end-expiratory pressure following alveolar recruitment manoeuvres in lung-healthy anaesthetized dogs: a randomized clinical trial on early postoperative arterial oxygenation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the effect of intraoperative stepwise alveolar recruitment manoeuvres (ARMs), followed by individualized positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), defined as PEEP at maximal respiratory system compliance + 2 cmH2O (PEEPmaxCrs+2), with that of spontaneous ventilation (SV) and controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) without ARM or PEEP on early postoperative arterial oxygenation in anaesthetized healthy dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, nonblinded clinical study. ANIMALS: A total of 32 healthy client-owned dogs undergoing surgery in dorsal recumbency. METHODS: Dogs were ventilated intraoperatively (inspired oxygen fraction: 0.5) with one of the following strategies: SV, CMV alone, and CMV with PEEPmaxCrs+2 following a single ARM (ARM1) or two ARMs (ARM2, the second ARM at the end of surgery). Arterial blood gas analyses were performed before starting the ventilatory strategy, at the end of surgery, and at 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after extubation while breathing room air. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests (p < 0.050). RESULTS: At any time point after extubation, PaO2 was not significantly different between groups. At 5 minutes after extubation, PaO2 was 95.1 (78.1-104.0), 93.8 (88.3-104.0), 96.9 (86.6-115.0) and 89.1 (87.6-102.0) mmHg in the SV, CMV, ARM1 and ARM2 groups, respectively. PaO2 decreased at 30 minutes after extubation in the CMV, ARM1 and ARM2 groups (p < 0.050), but it did not decrease after 30 minutes in the SV group. Moderate hypoxaemia (PaO2, 60-80 mmHg) was observed in one dog in the ARM1 group and two dogs each in the SV and ARM2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraoperative ARMs, followed by PEEPmaxCrs+2, did not improve early postoperative arterial oxygenation compared with SV or CMV alone in healthy anaesthetized dogs. Therefore, this ventilatory strategy might not be clinically advantageous for improving postoperative arterial oxygenation in healthy dogs undergoing surgery when positioned in dorsal recumbency.

Sedative and analgesic effects of two subanaesthetic doses of ketamine in combination with methadone and a low dose of dexmedetomidine in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sedative, analgesic and recovery characteristics of two subanaesthetic ketamine doses in combination with dexmedetomidine and methadone for intramuscular sedation in healthy Beagles. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, crossover, experimental study. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult Beagles. METHODS: Dogs were randomly given three treatments: dexmedetomidine (3 µg kg-1) and methadone (0.3 mg kg-1) combined with ketamine at 1 and 2 mg kg-1 (K1 and K2, respectively) or saline (K0), intramuscularly. Sedation score, response to tail clamping and rectal temperature were recorded at baseline, 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 minutes posttreatment. Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate, oxygen haemoglobin saturation and noninvasive blood pressure were also recorded at baseline and every 5 minutes until 45 minutes posttreatment. Onset and duration of recumbency, response to venous catheterization and recovery quality were also assessed. Sedation and physiological variables were compared between treatments and within treatments compared to baseline (analysis of variance). Nonparametric data were analysed with the Friedman and Cochran's Q tests; p < 0.050. RESULTS: Increased sedation was found at 15 (K0 and K1), 25 (all treatments) and 35 (K1) minutes compared with baseline. Sedation score, onset (3-12 minutes) and duration of recumbency (29-51 minutes) were similar between treatments. Recovery quality was considered acceptable in all cases. Response to tail clamping was inconsistent within treatments with no differences between them. None of the dogs responded to venous catheterization. There were no differences between treatments in physiological variables, except for PR which was higher in K2 than in K0. Oxygen supplementation was required in five and three dogs administered saline and ketamine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The addition of 1 or 2 mg kg-1 of ketamine to methadone and dexmedetomidine combination did not enhance sedation or antinociception in healthy dogs. Recovery quality was unaffected.

Attitudes of Spanish-speaking veterinarians interested in anaesthesia towards use of total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs: a survey study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe Spanish-speaking veterinary anaesthetists' attitudes towards use of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective online voluntary survey. POPULATION: Data from 300 answered surveys. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was sent via e-mail to representatives of the four largest Spanish-speaking veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia associations. It was distributed through mailing lists (Spain, Argentina, Mexico) or social media (Spain, Chile) to gather information on the use, opinions and perceived advantages of TIVA, as well as on preferred alternatives to isoflurane for providing general anaesthesia. Logistic regression was used to test for response associations. RESULTS: A total of 275 (92%) respondents had used TIVA (24% rarely, 36% sometimes, 40% very often or always). There was an association between a higher rate of TIVA usage and a low specialization level, less clinical experience and unavailability of anaesthetic gas scavenging systems. The main reasons for not using TIVA were lack of familiarity with the technique (92%), unavailability of infusion pumps (32%), established institutional anaesthetic protocol (32%), and technical difficulty (20%). Among frequent TIVA users, a higher proportion reported the greater ease of TIVA use (52%) compared to those that did not perceive such benefit (17%) [odds ratio (OR) = 5.2; 95% confidence interval (CI95), 1.7-16.6; p = 0.004). More respondents did not consider TIVA more expensive (60%) (OR = 2.1; CI95, 1.0-4.3; p = 0.034), more difficult to perform (59%) (OR = 2.5; CI95, 1.3-4.9; p = 0.006) or to manage the equipment (53%) (OR = 3.3; CI95, 1.4-7.8; p = 0.008), than inhalational anaesthetics. During isoflurane shortages, respondents reportedly preferred using an alternative inhalational agent (59%) rather than TIVA (47%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TIVA use is widespread among veterinarians within the surveyed associations. Frequent TIVA users reported greater perceived advantages. In situations of isoflurane shortage, an alternative inhalational anaesthetic was preferred over TIVA.

Effectiveness of Internet-Based Multicomponent Interventions for Patients and Health Care Professionals to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Evaluated Through the INDICA Study: Multiarm Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease in which health outcomes are related to decision making by patients and health care professionals. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of internet-based multicomponent interventions to support decision making of all actors involved in the care of patients with T2DM in primary care. METHODS: The INDICA study is an open, community-based, multicenter trial with random allocation to usual care or the intervention for patients, the intervention for health care professionals in primary care, or the combined intervention for both. In the intervention for patients, participants received an educational group program and were monitored and supported by logs, a web-based platform, and automated SMS. Those in the intervention for professionals also received an educational program, a decision support tool embedded in the electronic clinical record, and periodic feedback about patients' results. A total of 2334 people with T2DM, regardless of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and without diabetes-related complications, were included. The primary end point was change in HbA1c level. The main analysis was performed using multilevel mixed models. RESULTS: For the overall sample, the intervention for patients attained a significant mean reduction in HbA1c levels of ‒0.27 (95% CI ‒0.45 to ‒0.10) at month 3 and ‒0.26 (95% CI ‒0.44 to ‒0.08) at month 6 compared with usual care, which remained marginally significant at month 12. A clinically relevant reduction in HbA1c level was observed in 35.6% (191/537) of patients in the intervention for patients and 26.0% (152/586) of those in usual care at month 12 (P=.006). In the combined intervention, HbA1c reduction was significant until month 18 (181/557, 32.6% vs 140/586, 23.9%; P=.009). Considering the subgroup of patients uncontrolled at baseline, all interventions produced significant reductions in HbA1c levels across the entire study period: ‒0.49 (95% CI ‒0.70 to ‒0.27) for the intervention for patients, ‒0.35 (95% CI ‒0.59 to ‒0.14) for the intervention for professionals, and ‒0.35 (95% CI ‒0.57 to ‒0.13) for the combined intervention. Differences in HbA1c for the area under the curve considering the entire period were significant for the intervention for patients and the combined intervention compared with usual care (P=.03 for both). Compared with usual care, the intervention for professionals and the combined intervention had significant longer-term reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In uncontrolled patients, the intervention for patients at baseline provided clinically relevant and significant longer-term reductions of HbA1c levels. The intervention for professionals and combined intervention also improved the cardiovascular risk profile of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01657227; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01657227.

Wireless Sensing of Concrete Setting Process.

An RFID-based wireless system to measure the evolution of the setting process of cement-based materials is presented in this paper. The system consists of a wireless RFID temperature sensor that works embedded in concrete, and an external RFID reader that communicates with the embedded sensor to extract the temperature measurement conducted by the embedded sensor. Temperature time evolution is a well known proxy to monitor the setting process of concrete. The RFID sensor consisting of an UWB Bow Tie antenna with central frequency 868 MHz, matched to the EM4325 temperature chip through a T-match structure for embedded operation inside concrete is fully characterized. Results for measurements of the full set up conducted in a real-scenario are provided.

Sedative effects of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with methadone and a low dose of dexmedetomidine in healthy Beagles.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sedative effects of two doses of alfaxalone when added to a combination of dexmedetomidine and methadone injected intramuscularly (IM) in healthy Beagles. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, crossover, experimental study. ANIMALS: A group of six adult Beagles. METHODS: Dogs were sedated on three different occasions with IM dexmedetomidine (3 µg kg-1) and methadone (0.3 mg kg-1) combined with two doses of alfaxalone (0.5 and 1 mg kg-1; A0.5 and A1, respectively) or saline (A0). Quality of sedation, response to tail clamping and rectal temperature were recorded at baseline, 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 minutes. Pulse and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2) and noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) were recorded every 5 minutes. Onset of sedation and duration of recumbency, response to venous catheterization and recovery quality were assessed. Physiological variables (analysis of variance) were analysed between treatments and within treatments compared with baseline (Student t test). Nonparametric data were analysed using Friedman and Cochran's Q tests. Significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Sedation scores were significantly higher when alfaxalone was co-administered (area under the curve; p = 0.024, A0.5; p = 0.019, A1), with no differences between doses. Onset of sedation was similar, but duration of recumbency was longer in A0.5 than in A0 [median (minimum-maximum), 43 (35-54) versus 30 (20-47) minutes, p = 0.018], but not in A1. Response to venous catheterization and tail clamping, and quality of recovery (acceptable) presented no differences between treatments. A decrease in all physiological variables (compared with baseline) was observed, except for NIBP, with no differences between treatments. All dogs required oxygen supplementation due to reduced SpO2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Adding alfaxalone to methadone and dexmedetomidine enhanced sedation and duration of recumbency. Although cardiopulmonary depression was limited, oxygen supplementation is advisable.