[Ultrasound of gallbladder and bile duct]. / Ecografía de la vesícula y la vía biliar.

The cystic nature of the gallbladder and bile duct when dilated, and the advantages of ultrasound as a quick, reproducible, convenient, cheap and low risk technique, with a high sensitivity and specificity, make it the most eligible technique in biliary pathology studies. Ultrasound has become a valuable tool for doctors studying biliary pathology and its complications, from abnormal liver function results, right upper quadrant pain, or jaundice, to cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, or suspicion of biliary tumors.

[Liver ultrasound: focal lesions and diffuse diseases]. / Ecografía hepática: lesiones focales y enfermedades difusas.

Liver ultrasound is frequently used as a first-line technique for the detection and characterization of the most common liver lesions, especially those incidentally found focal liver lesions, and for monitoring of chronic liver diseases. Ultrasound is not only used in the Bmode, but also with Doppler and, more recently, contrast-enhanced ultrasound. It is mainly used in the diagnosis of diffuse liver diseases, such as steatosis or cirrhosis. This article presents a practical approach for diagnosis workup, in which the different characteristics of the main focal liver lesions and diffuse liver diseases are reviewed.

[Ultrasound of spleen and retroperitoneum]. / Ecografía de bazo y retroperitoneo.

Ultrasound provides data of extremely great value when studying spleen pathology, being diagnostic in splenomegaly and splenic trauma, as well as offering a good approach to the diagnosis of both benign and malignant focal pathology, particularly lymphoma. However, for the evaluation of adrenal and retroperitoneal diseases, other techniques such as CT or MRI are more suitable, even though ultrasound is still an excellent screening and monitoring method, as well as being useful in non-invasive therapeutic approaches.

[Ultrasound of the urinary system]. / Ecografía del aparato urinario.

Ultrasound techniques are able to provide a fairly complete examination of the urinary system, achieving a high sensitivity in relevant-pathology detection, especially in the kidney, bladder and prostate. Early detection of pathologies such as tumors or urinary tract obstructions, sometimes even before their clinical manifestation, has improved their management and prognosis in many cases. This, added to its low cost and harmlessness, makes ultrasound ideal for early approaches and follow-up of a wide number of urinary system pathologies. In this article, the ultrasound characteristics of the main urinary system pathologies that can be diagnosed by this technique, are reviewed.

Ecografía pancreática / Pancreatic ultrasonography

La ecografía abdominal continúa siendo la primera exploración a realizar en los pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad pancreática. Pese a los recientes avances tecnológicos en las pruebas de imagen, la ecografía no ha sido desplazada como primer escalón diagnóstico debido a su inocuidad, accesibilidad y bajo coste. Se trata de una técnica fundamental en el estudio de los procesos inflamatorios, ya que no solo valora las alteraciones del parénquima pancreático, sino que orienta la etiología (biliar o alcohólica), es fundamental en la detección y el seguimiento de las posibles complicaciones y sirve como guía en las punciones tanto diagnósticas como terapéuticas. Es también la primera técnica a utilizar en el estudio de los tumores pancreáticos, con una sensibilidad en la detección de los mismos en torno al 70%, y una especificidad del 90% (AU)

Despite the recent technological advances in imaging, abdominal ultrasonography continues to be the first diagnostic test indicated in patients with a suspicion of pancreatic disease, due to its safety, accessibility and low cost. It is an essential technique in the study of inflammatory processes, since it not only assesses changes in pancreatic parenchyma, but also gives an indication of the origin (bile or alcoholic). It is also essential in the detection and tracing of possible complications as well as being used as a guide in diagnostic and therapeutic punctures. It is also the first technique used in the study of pancreatic tumors, detecting them with a sensitivity of around 70% and a specificity of 90% (AU)

[Pancreatic ultrasonography]. / Ecografía pancreática.

Despite the recent technological advances in imaging, abdominal ultrasonography continues to be the first diagnostic test indicated in patients with a suspicion of pancreatic disease, due to its safety, accessibility and low cost. It is an essential technique in the study of inflammatory processes, since it not only assesses changes in pancreatic parenchyma, but also gives an indication of the origin (bile or alcoholic). It is also essential in the detection and tracing of possible complications as well as being used as a guide in diagnostic and therapeutic punctures. It is also the first technique used in the study of pancreatic tumors, detecting them with a sensitivity of around 70% and a specificity of 90%.

Anatomía ecográfica abdominal normal. Sistemática de exploración / Normal abdominal ultrasound anatomy. Examination procedure

Para realizar una exploración ecográfica abdominal lo más completa y precisa posible es fundamental conocer bien la anatomía y las medidas normales de los distintos órganos. De esta manera conoceremos la normalidad y con mayor facilidad identificaremos la patología y su localización. Es muy importante tener una adecuada sistemática de exploración con el fin de llevar siempre la misma dirección de barrido y así no dejar ningún órgano sin explorar. Proponemos una sistemática realizando cortes longitudinales, transversales y oblicuos para visualizar todos los órganos abdominales, iniciando la exploración en el epigastrio, barriendo primero el hipocondrio derecho, posteriormente el hipocondrio izquierdo, ambos fosas ilíacas y la zona hipogástrica (AU)

To carry out an abdominal ultrasound examination with the highest degree of accuracy and thoroughness, it is essential to have a good knowledge of the anatomy and the normal measurements of the different organs. In this way, we can determine their normal condition and identify the pathology and its location more easily. It is very important to adopt a correct examination procedure, systematically sweeping the scan in the same direction and not leaving any organ unexamined. We suggest a procedure consisting of longitudinal, cross-sectional and oblique scans to view all the abdominal organs starting the examination in the epigastric region, scanning first the right upper quadrant, then the left upper quadrant, both iliac fossa, and lastly the hypogastric region (AU)

[Normal abdominal ultrasound anatomy. Examination procedure]. / Anatomía ecográfica abdominal normal. Sistemática de exploración.

To carry out an abdominal ultrasound examination with the highest degree of accuracy and thoroughness, it is essential to have a good knowledge of the anatomy and the normal measurements of the different organs. In this way, we can determine their normal condition and identify the pathology and its location more easily. It is very important to adopt a correct examination procedure, systematically sweeping the scan in the same direction and not leaving any organ unexamined. We suggest a procedure consisting of longitudinal, cross-sectional and oblique scans to view all the abdominal organs, starting the examination in the epigastric region, scanning first the right upper quadrant, then the left upper quadrant, both iliac fossa, and lastly the hypogastric region.

Ecografía digestiva. 2. a edición revisada y ampliada / No disponible

No disponible

Chronic hepatitis C treatment in a cystic fibrosis patient in the pulmonary pre-transplant stage.

The standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C, pegylated interferon and ribavirin (pegI/R), has many limitations in both effectiveness and secondary effects, which makes it unsuitable or even contraindicated for some patients. In hepatitis C virus-infected cystic fibrosis patients this treatment could increase respiratory infections with subsequent pulmonary function deterioration. On the contrary, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may make lung transplant (LT) unfeasible. We present the case of a cystic fibrosis-young man diagnosed with HCV infection during LT assessment who was treated with pegI/R. In spite of the lung function worsening and respiratory infections, he managed to complete treatment and even sustained virological response (SVR). At present he is on LT waiting list.

[Gastric adenocarcinoma in young adults; comparative study with older patients]. / Adenocarcinoma gástrico en adultos jóvenes; estudio comparativo con pacientes mayores.

BACKGROUND: Gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) has been considered a disease of elderly age and has been rarely reported in patients younger than 35 years of age. The aim of thisΩ demographic, clinicopathological and prognosis of gastric cancer in young patients and to compare their features with the behavior in elder adults. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2008, 1536 patients with GA were enrolled in a retrospective database. Clinical and pathologic features of thirty patients aged 35 years or less (young group) were compared with those of 458 aged 75 years or more (elder group). RESULTS: Mean patient age was 31 and 80-years old in the young and elder groups, respectively, with a predominance of females in the last group (61%). Lauren diffuse type carcinoma was more frequent in people younger than 35 years (70%) than in older patients (17.4%). Main symptoms were dyspepsia (40%) and hemorrhage (20%). The most common T stage in young and elder patients was T3 (52.9% and 56.7% respectively). Surgical resection was performed in 68% of cases and the rest received only systemic chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Gastric adenocarcinoma is rare in young patients and most cases presented at advanced clinical stage similar to elderly patients, so the prognosis in both age groups is poor. For this reason is important to be aware of alarm symptoms and risk factors in order to perform an early endoscopic diagnosis and a treatment with curative intent.

Tratamiento de hepatitis crónica C en un paciente con fibrosis quística en situación de pretrasplante pulmonar / Chronic hepatitis C treatment in a cystic fibrosis patient in the pulmonary pre-transplant stage

El tratamiento estándar de la hepatitis crónica C, interferón pegilado (INF-peg) y ribavirina (RBV), puede ser inadecuado o incluso estar contraindicado en algunos pacientes debido a sus limitaciones en cuanto a eficacia y efectos adversos. En pacientes con fibrosis quística infectados por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) el tratamiento antiviral podría aumentar las infecciones respiratorias con el consiguiente empeoramiento de la función pulmonar. Por contra, la infección por VHC podría desestimar a estos pacientes para un necesario trasplante pulmonar. Presentamos el caso de un varón con fibrosis quística diagnosticado de infección VHC durante su evaluación previa al trasplante pulmonar. El paciente fue tratado con INF-peg y RBV. A pesar del empeoramiento en la función pulmonar y numerosas infecciones respiratorias intercurrentes, logró completar el tratamiento y obtener respuesta viral sostenida, encontrándose actualmente en lista de espera(AU)

The standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C, pegylated interferon and ribavirin (pegI/R), has many limitations in both effectiveness and secondary effects, which makes it unsuitable or even contraindicated for some patients. In hepatitis C virus-infected cystic fibrosis patients this treatment could increase respiratory infections with subsequent pulmonary function deterioration. On the contrary, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may make lung transplant (LT) unfeasible. We present the case of a cystic fibrosisyoung man diagnosed with HCV infection during LT assessment who was treated with pegI/R. In spite of the lung function worsening and respiratory infections, he managed to complete treatment and even sustained virological response (SVR). At present he is on LT waiting list(AU)