Work Ergonomic Analysis: Application of a Postural Study on the Oysters Cultivation / Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho: Aplicação de um Estudo Postural no Cultivo de Ostras

The cultivation of marine mollusks is an activity of great importance in Brazil, providing employment and income for artisanal fishermen and fishing communities, contributing to local development. However, this type of cultivation is still carried out in a very handmade way with intense use of labor. The objective of this study was to describe the postures and movements of fish farmers during the oyster classification activity. Ten employees of a marine farm participated in the municipality of Florianópolis, SC. For the analysis of the posture and movements, the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method and NIOSH method were used along with in situ observation and interviews with the workers. The task of oysters classification presents an average risk of injury or occupational diseases, especially in the cervical region and upper limbs, as it is developed with marked flexion of the head and shoulders, which requires a lot of the muscles involved to maintain the posture and perform repetitive movements. Many workers have muscle pains in the shoulders, lower back, hands, wrists and fingers. Simple and economically viable adaptations should be adopted, because through ergonomic evaluation it is possible to carry out interventions that are within the reach of the workers. It is necessary to transmit knowledge so that the workers are aware of the postures that they must adopt in the accomplishment of this aquaculture activity and thus to promote a better quality of life of this population. (AU).

O cultivo de moluscos marinhos é uma atividade de grande importância no Brasil proporcionando a geração de emprego e renda para pescadores artesanais e comunidades pesqueiras, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento local. Entretanto, este tipo de cultivo ainda é realizado de forma bastante artesanal com intensa utilização de mão de obra. Diante disso, este estudo teve por objetivo realizar uma descrição das posturas e movimentos de maricultores durante a realização da atividade de classificação de ostras. Participaram voluntariamente dez funcionários de uma fazenda marinha no município de Florianópolis, SC. Para análise da postura e movimentos, utilizou-se o método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) e método NIOSH juntamente com a observação in loco e entrevistas com os maricultores. A tarefa de classificação de ostras apresenta médio risco de lesão ou doenças ocupacionais, principalmente na região cervical e membros superiores, pois é desenvolvida com acentuada flexão de cabeça e ombros, o que exige muito da musculatura envolvida para manter a postura e realizar movimentos repetitivos. Muitos trabalhadores apresentam dores musculares nos ombros, lombar, mãos, punhos e dedos. Adaptações simples e economicamente viáveis devem ser adotadas, pois através da avaliação ergonômica é possível realizar intervenções que estão ao alcance dos trabalhadores. Necessitase transmitir os conhecimentos para que os trabalhadores tenham consciência das posturas que devem adotar na realização desta atividade aquícola e assim promover uma melhor qualidade de vida desta população. (AU).

Optimising statistical models to predict faecal pollution in coastal areas based on geographic and meteorological parameters.

This article describes a methodology for optimising predictive models for concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in coastal areas based on geographic and meteorological characteristics of upstream catchments. Concentrations of FIOs in mussels and water sampled from 50 sites in the south of Brazil from 2012 to 2013 were used to develop models to separately predict the spatial and temporal variations of FIOs. The geographical parameters used in predictive models for the spatial variation of FIOs were human population, urban area, percentage of impervious cover and total catchment area. The R2 of models representing catchments located within 3.1 km from the monitoring points was up to 150% higher than that for the nearest catchment. The temporal variation of FIOs was modelled considering the combined effect of meteorological parameters and different time windows. The explained variance in models based on rainfall and solar radiation increased up to 155% and 160%, respectively.

Developing, cross-validating and applying regression models to predict the concentrations of faecal indicator organisms in coastal waters under different environmental scenarios.

This study developed, cross-validated and applied a regression-based model to predict concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) under different environmental conditions in the North and South bays of Santa Catarina, South of Brazil. The model was developed using a database of FIO concentrations in seawater sampled at 50 sites and the validation was performed using a different database by comparing 288 pairs of measured and modelled results for 15 sites. The index of agreement between the model outputs and the FIO concentrations measured during the validation period was 66%; the mean average error was 0.43 log10 and the root mean square error was 0.58 log10 MPN.100mL-1. These validation results indicate that the model provides a fair representation of the FIO contamination in the bays for the meteorological conditions under which the model was trained. The simulation of different scenarios showed that under typical levels of resident human population in the catchments and median rainfall and solar radiation conditions, the median FIO concentration in the bays is 0.4 MPN.100mL-1. Under extreme meteorological conditions, the combined effect of high rainfall and low solar radiation increased FIO concentrations up to 5 log10 MPN.100mL-1. The simulated scenarios also show that increases in resident population during the summer tourist season and average rainfall concentrations do not increase median FIO concentrations in the bays relative to periods of time with average population, possibly because of higher bacterial die-off in the waters. The models can be an effective tool for management of human health risks in bathing and shellfish waters impacted by sewage pollution.

Combining a probiotic with organic salts presents synergistic in vitro inhibition against aquaculture bacterial pathogens

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate 1) the in vitro effect of organic salts on the growth of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and then 2) the combined use of a probiotic with organic salts on the in vitro inhibition of V. alginolyticus, A. hydrophila, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. agalactiae. In vitro tests were performed with eight different organic salts, including butyrate, propionate, succinate, citrate, formate, fumarate, glutamate, and acetate, at two pH values (6.2 and 7.1) to determine their effect on the growth kinetics of L. plantarum. In addition, each organic salt was tested alone and in combination with L. plantarum to evaluate the inhibitory effect against the pathogenic bacteria noted above in either condition. Sodium citrate and formate inhibited the growth of L. plantarum, but sodium glutamate, succinate and fumarate stimulated it. Sodium propionate, butyrate, and acetate did not affect probiotic growth at all. Inhibition against all pathogens was significantly higher in the presence of the probiotic and lower pH. Comparing all organic salts at the two pH values, butyrate, acetate, and propionate exhibited more inhibition against V. alginolyticus than the others, while propionate had higher inhibition against A. hydrophila, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and fumarate successfully inhibited S. agalactiae. Based on these results, it can be concluded that organic salts showed better in vitro inhibition against the aquaculture pathogenic bacteria tested when combined with the probiotic L. plantarum.

Compliance of brown mussel (Perna perna) production areas in the South of Brazil with the bacteriological criteria of the shellfish hygiene systems in the European Union and United States of America: assessing the impacts on consumer safety.

Levels of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) monitored in surface water and brown mussels collected at 28 production areas in Brazil from August 2012 to October 2013 were used to assess compliance with the bacteriological standards of the shellfish hygiene classification systems used in the European Union (EU) and USA. This classification determines the level of post-harvesting purification needed to reduce the risk of illness in consumers. The results indicate that 36% of production areas would be class A under the EU system and 75% would be 'Approved' under the US system. Mathematical models showed that a 90th percentile of FIO levels in water of 43 MPN (most probable number) 100 mL-1 (standard for 'Approved' areas under the US system) would correspond to an 80th percentile of FIO levels in mussels of 572 MPN 100 g-1. This concentration is more than double that in the class A standard in the EU system. These results have important implications for public health since no post-harvesting purification is required for any of these classification categories. Areas compliant with the US 'Restricted' and EU class B standards, however, provide similar levels of consumer safety.

Utilização comparativa de enrofloxacino, probiótico (Lactobacilus plantarum) e propionato de sódio na larvicultura de camarão branco do pacífico / Comparative use of enrofloxacin, probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum) and sodium propionate in pacific white shrimp larvae / Utilización comparativa de enrofloxacino, probiótico (Lactobacillus plantarum) y propionato de sodio en larvicultura de camarón blanco del pacífico

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar métodos de controle e tratamento de bacterioses na larvicultura de Litopenaeus vannamei, avaliando o uso contínuo de probiótico e o uso pontual de enrofloxacino 15mg.L-1 e propionato de sódio 0,5 mM.L-1 nos momentos de metamorfose sobre os, parâmetros zootécnicos e microbiológicos (larvas e da água). Foram utilizadas 16 unidades de 60L, povoadas na densidade de 325 náuplios.5L-1, divididos em três tratamentos: enrofloxacino, probiótico, propionato de sódio e controle. O enrofloxacino e o propionato foram ministrados em protozoea 3, misis 3 e pós-larva 4 e o probiótico foi ministrado na ração ao longo de todo o experimento. O probiótico aumentou as contagens de bactérias ácido-láticas em relação aos demais tratamentos na água de cultivo (p=0,00001) e em relação ao enrofloxacino e o proprionato nas larvas (p=0,0048). A água do tratamento com probiótico apresentou menor contagem de Vibrio spp. que o enrofloxacino (p=0,0011) e as larvas tratadas com probiótico apresentaram menor contagem de Vibrio spp. que o propionato (p=0,0158). Contudo, não foi observada diferença nos índices zootécnicos avaliados. Assim, os aditivos na dose utilizada não alteram parâmetros zootécnicos da larvicultura do camarão L. vannamei.

The purpose of this study was to assess control and treatment methods for bacterial diseases in Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluating the continuous use of probiotics and occasional use of 15mg-L-1 enrofloxacin and 0.5-mM.L-1 sodium propionate at the morphological change moments on the performance and microbiological parameters of larvae and water. A total of 16 60-L units were used, stocked with 325 nauplii/5L-1, divided into three treatments and one control. Enrofloxacin and propionate were administered into protozoea 3, misis 3 and 4, and post-larvae 4, while the probiotic was administered in the feed throughout the experiment. The probiotic increased the counts of lactic acid bacteria in relation to the other treatments in the culture water (p = 0.00001) and in relation to enrofloxacin and propionate in larvae (p = 0.0048). The treatment water with probiotic had lower counts of Vibrio ssp. than enrofloxacin (p = 0.0011) and larvae treated with probiotic showed lower counts of Vibrio ssp. that propionate (p = 0.0158). However, no difference was observed in the performance indexes assessed. Thus, it can be concluded that additives in the assessed doses did not influence the performance parameters of L. vannamei.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar métodos de control y tratamiento de enfermedades bacterianas en larvicultura de Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluando el uso continuo de probiótico y el uso puntual de 15 mg.L-1 de enrofloxacino y 0,5 mM.L-1 de propionato de sodio en momentos de metamorfosis sobre los parámetros zootécnicos y microbiológicos (larvas y del agua). Se han utilizado 16 unidades de 60L, pobladas en la densidad de 325 nauplios.5L-1, divididos en tres tratamientos: enrofloxacino, probiótico, propionato de sodio y control. El enrofloxacino y el propionato fueron suministrados en protozoea 3, misis 3 y postlarva 4 y el probiótico suministrado en alimento durante el transcurso del experimento. El probiótico aumentó el contaje de bacterias ácido-lácticas en correlación a los demás tratamientos en agua de cultivo (p=0,0001) y las larvas en relación al enrofloxacino y el propionato en las larvas (p=0,0048). El agua del tratamiento con probiótico presentó menor contaje de Vibrio spp. que el enrofloxacino (p=0,0011) y las larvas tratadas con probiótico presentaron menor contaje de Vibrio spp. que el propionato (p=0,0158). Sin embargo, no se ha observado diferencia en los índices zootécnicos de larvicultura de camarón L. vannamei.

Immunization of hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x P. fasciatum) against Motile Aeromonas hydrophila septicemia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response of hybrid surubim vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection and by immersion against Aeromonas hydrophila. Vaccine was prepared with formalin-inactivated A. hydrophila. Forty eight fishes (47±9g) were distributed in 12 tanks (4 fish / tank) in the following treatments (4 tanks / treatment): unvaccinated fish, vaccinated intraperitoneally and vaccinated by immersion. After 21 days, intraperitoneally vaccinated fishes showed the highest values of total protein and immunoglobulins, agglutination titer and serum antimicrobial activity. Lysozyme concentration in the serum was higher in the fishes vaccinated by immersion than unvaccinated fishes. Intraperitoneal vaccination induced the highest immune response and could be used to improve the fish resistance against motile Aeromonas.

Identification of differentially transcribed genes in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to osmotic stress and challenged with WSSV virus.

The effects of hyposmotic stress and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge in expression was studied in the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Messenger RNA from gills of shrimp submitted to osmotic stress was isolated to identify genes differentially expressed through the suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. Two subtractive libraries forward and two reverse were constructed to identify up and down-regulated genes under these conditions. About 192 clones were sequenced, of which 46 genes were identified. These genes encode proteins corresponding to a wide range of biological roles, including defense, cell signaling, electron transfer, cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, intermediary metabolism, cytoskeleton and digestion. Among the identified genes, 19 were up-regulated and 27 were down-regulated in the animals kept at a lower ion concentration. We evaluated the expression of eight genes by RT-qPCR in shrimp submitted to hyposmotic conditions with and without WSSV challenge. The SSH enabled the identification of genes that are influenced by hyposmotic stress. A significant up-regulation was observed in lectin-C, QM, TGF beta inducible nuclear protein 1, ciclophilin, malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ATP synthase F chain and ATP synthase subunit 9 precursor transcripts. However, the expression of these genes in L. vannamei was not affected by WSSV infection both at isosmotic and hyposmotic conditions.

Cultivation of juvenile fat snook (Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860) fed probiotic in laboratory conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the growth of juvenile fat snook (Centropomus parallelus) in laboratory conditions when fed a diet supplemented with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. Changes in the intestinal flora, haematological parameters and growth performance were assessed using 180 fishes (54.2 ± 13.4 g each). The fishes were subjected to two treatments divided into six cages: 1) feed supplemented with probiotic, and 2) feed without probiotic (control). The temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity were maintained at 25 ± 1 ° C, 4.0 mg.L-1 and 33 ‰, respectively. After 10 weeks of culture, the fishes fed probiotic had reduced viable culturable heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio spp. and increased lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract, as well as a higher number of thrombocytes, leukocytes and lymphocytes in the blood. No significant difference was observed in the growth, survival or body composition, but the hepatosomatic index was significantly higher in the fishes fed with probiotic and control.

Hematological and immunological responses of Nile tilapia after polyvalent vaccine administration by different routes / Resposta hematológica e imunológica de tilápia do Nilo após administração de vacina polivalente por diferentes vias

The efficacy of a polyvalent bacterin vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Enterococcus durans administered by different routes in Nile tilapia was assessed by analyzing hematological and immunological parameters 7 and 21 days after vaccination. Treatments consisted of: non-vaccinated tilapia; tilapia vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection with 2x10(8) formalin-inactivated bacteriaÀmL-1; tilapia vaccinated orally with 2x10(7) formalin-inactivated bacteriaÀg-1, feed for 5 days; tilapia vaccinated by immersion bath in 2x10(7) formalin-inactivated bacteriaÀmL-1, for 20 minutes. Vaccinated fish groups presented higher hematocrit, number of erythrocytes and leukocytes than the non-vaccinated group. Serum agglutination titer of intraperitoneally vaccinated fish was higher on both evaluation periods for the three bacteria strains. Only on day 21 post-vaccination fish from the oral and immersion vaccination groups presented higher serum agglutination titer than the non-vaccinated fish for A. hidrophyla and E. durans. Serum antimicrobial activity in vaccinated fish was higher for P. aeroginosa and E. coli than in non-vaccinated fish on both evaluation periods. The different vaccine administration routes stimulated hematological and immunological responses in Nile tilapia 21 days post-vaccination, but intraperitoneal vaccination presented higher total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and serum agglutination titer.

Este estudo avaliou a eficácia da administração de vacina polivalente (bacterina), contra Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa e Enterococcus durans, por diferentes vias de aplicação em tilápia do Nilo, analisando parâmetros hematológicos e imunológicos no 7º e 21º dia após vacinação. Os tratamentos consistiram de: tilápias não vacinadas; tilápias vacinadas via injeção intraperitoneal (i.p.) contendo 2x10(8) bactérias inativadasÀmL-1; tilápias alimentadas com ração contendo vacina na proporção de 2x10(7) bactérias inativadasÀg-1, durante 5 dias; tilápias vacinadas por banho de imersão em 2x10(7) bactérias inativadasÀmL-1, durante 20 minutos. Os peixes vacinados apresentaram maior porcentagem de hematócrito, número de eritrócitos e leucócitos durante o período do experimento, em relação aos não vacinados. O título de aglutinação do soro dos peixes vacinados intraperitonealmente foi superior nos dois períodos de avaliação para todas as bactérias. Apenas no 21º dia os peixes vacinados oralmente e por imersão apresentaram título de aglutinação superior aos peixes não vacinados para A. hidrophyla e E. durans. O soro dos peixes vacinados apresentou maior atividade antimicrobiana para P. aeroginosa e E. coli, do que os peixes não vacinados, nos dois períodos. As diferentes vias de administração da vacina estimularam a resposta hematológica e imunológica da tilápia do Nilo após 21 dias de vacinadas, sendo que o número total de leucócitos, linfócitos, título aglutinante do soro dos vacinados i.p. foi maior do que os demais.

Treatment of shrimp effluent by sedimentation and oyster filtration using Crassostrea gigas and C. rhizophorae

Efficiency in removing particulate matter from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp culture effluent was assessed in laboratory scale employing sedimentation and oysters Crassostrea gigas and C. rhizophorae filtration processes. Cylindroconical tanks (100 L) were used in duplicate for sedimentation and 50-L in triplicate for oyster filtration. Fifteen oysters of each species weighing 76-80 g were stocked in each of the filtration treatment experimental units (biomass of 1065 - 1174 g oyster per unit). The control treatment was a tank similar to those used in the filtration treatment but with empty oyster shells. Hydraulic retention time of the effluent was of 6 hours in each treatment. First, effluent went through sedimentation, and then the supernatant went through the filtration tanks. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile solids, chlorophyll a and BOD5 were evaluated. During sedimentation and filtration, temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration remained stable. Sedimentation removed 18, 5.6, 27.5, 45.40 and 23.2 percent of turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile solids, chlorophyll a and BOD5, respectively. Chlorophyll a and BOD5 after sedimentation presented significant difference (P<0.05) from the farm crude effluent. For the filtration treatment, C. rhizophorae was more efficient removing 62.1, 70.6, 36.1, 100 and 17.2 percent of turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile solids, chlorophyll a and BOD5, respectively, whereas C. gigas removed 56.3, 41.2, 27.8, 51.4 and 8.0 percent of the same parameters. Statistically comparing C. rhizophorae and C. gigas performances, there were differences (P<0.05) in removing total suspended solids, total volatile solids and chlorophyll a.

Em escala laboratorial, foi comparada a eficiência de remoção de material particulado presente no efluente do cultivo de camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei, mediante o processo de sedimentação e filtração com ostra nativa Crassostrea rhizophorae e com ostra do pacifico Crassostrea gigas. No processo de sedimentação foram empregados tanques cilindro cônico, em duplicata, de cor preta com 100 L de capacidade total. Para o processo de filtração foram empregados tanques cilindro cônicos, em triplicata, de cor preta de 50 L de volume total. No tratamento de filtração cada unidade experimental foi estocada com 15 indivíduos de ostras de ambas as espécies, com peso médio entre 76 - 80 g, mantendo uma biomassa entre 1.065 e 1.174 g ostra por unidade. Também foi empregado um tanque com as mesmas características ao de filtração, como controle, contendo apenas conchas de moluscos sem animal. O tempo de retenção hidráulica do efluente, em cada tratamento, foi de 6 horas, passando primeiro pelo processo de sedimentação e posteriormente o sobrenadante foi transferido para a filtração. As variáveis avaliadas no estudo foram pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade, turbidez, sólidos suspensos totais, sólidos voláteis totais, clorofila a e DBO5. No processo de sedimentação e de filtração, as variáveis temperatura, pH, salinidades e oxigênio dissolvido se mantiveram estáveis. O tratamento de sedimentação conseguiu uma remoção de 18,7 por cento; 5,6 por cento; 27,5 por cento; 45,4 por cento e 23,2 por cento, para a turbidez, sólidos suspensos totais, sólidos voláteis totais, clorofila a e DBO5, respectivamente, sendo que a clorofila a e a DBO5 foram as variáveis que no processo de sedimentação apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (P<0,05) em relação ao efluente bruto da fazenda. No processo de filtração, a ostra C. rizophorae resultou ser mais eficiente na remoção do material particulado do que a ostra C. gigas, com valores de 62,1 por cento; ...