ABSTRACT
This study assessed the reproducibility of performance and selected metabolic variables during a variable high-intensity endurance cycling test. 8 trained male cyclists (age: 35.9 ± 7.7 years, maximal oxygen uptake: 54.3 ± 3.9 mL·kg - 1·min - 1) completed 4 high-intensity cycling tests, performed in consecutive weeks. The protocol comprised: 20 min of progressive incremental exercise, where the power output was increased by 5% maximal workload (Wmax) every 5 min from 70% Wmax to 85% Wmax; ten 90 s bouts at 90% Wmax, separated by 180 s at 55% Wmax; 90% Wmax until volitional exhaustion. Blood samples were drawn and heart rate was monitored throughout the protocol. There was no significant order effect between trials for time to exhaustion (mean: 4 113.0 ± 60.8 s) or total distance covered (mean: 4 6126.2 ± 1 968.7 m). Total time to exhaustion and total distance covered showed very high reliability with a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.6% (95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 0.0 ± 124.3 s) and CV of 2.2% (95% CI 0.0 ± 1904.9 m), respectively. Variability in plasma glucose concentrations across the time points was very small (CV 0.46-4.3%, mean 95% CI 0.0 ± 0.33 to 0.0 ± 0.94 mmol·L - 1). Plasma lactate concentrations showed no test order effect. The reliability of performance and metabolic variables makes this protocol a valid test to evaluate nutritional interventions in endurance cycling.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance/physiology , Bicycling/physiology , Exercise Test/methods , Physical Endurance/physiology , Adult , Athletes , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Heart Rate/physiology , Humans , Lactic Acid/blood , Male , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Reproducibility of Results , Time FactorsABSTRACT
On rare occasions, uterine fibroids complicate pregnancy. More commonly, fibroids exert a mass effect that either prevents implantation of an egg or becomes problematic as a fetus grows. Less frequently, pregnancies are affected by fibroid herniation through a fascial defect. Several publications describing herniation of pedunculated fibroids exist, two of which were in umbilical hernia sacs. There is, to our knowledge, only one publication describing the presence of a sessile uterine fibroid in an umbilical hernia. This case report adds to the literature by describing a 34-year-old primigravid woman with an umbilical hernia that contained a sessile uterine fibroid and provides parameters that can be used in the initial evaluation of a pregnant woman with an abdominal wall hernia.