ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To test the reliability and validity of shoulder joint angle measurements from the Microsoft Kinect™ for virtual rehabilitation. DESIGN: Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity, feasibility study. SETTING: Motion analysis laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 10 healthy adults. METHODS: Shoulder joint angle was assessed in four static poses, two trials for each pose, using: (1) the Kinect; (2) a three-dimensional motion analysis system; and (3) a clinical goniometer. All poses were captured with the Kinect from the frontal view. The two poses of shoulder flexion were also captured with the Kinect from the sagittal view. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Absolute and relative test-retest reliability of the Kinect for the measurement of shoulder angle was determined in each pose with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of the measure and minimal detectable change. The 95% limits of agreement (LOA) between the Kinect and the standard methods for measuring shoulder angle were computed to determine concurrent validity. RESULTS: While the Kinect provided to be highly reliable (ICC 0.76-0.98) for measuring shoulder angle from the frontal view, the 95% LOA between the Kinect and the two measurement standards were greater than ±5° in all poses for both views. CONCLUSIONS: Before the Kinect is used to measure movements for virtual rehabilitation applications, it is imperative to understand its limitations in precision and accuracy for the measurement of specific joint motions.
Subject(s)
Physical Therapy Modalities/standards , Shoulder Joint/anatomy & histology , Biomechanical Phenomena , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Range of Motion, Articular , Reproducibility of Results , User-Computer Interface , Young AdultABSTRACT
Programmed cell death (PCD) is present during the development of multicellular organisms and occurs from embryogenesis to death. In females of Boophilus microplus, the mass of several organs is reduced after the detachment from the host. In order to better characterize the cell death process that eliminates unnecessary tissues, the degeneration of salivary glands, ovaries and synganglia was investigated using DNA fragmentation in agarose gel, comet and TUNEL assays, and apoptosis activation pathway by the caspase assay. DNA fragmentation and enzymatic activity of caspase-3 were observed in salivary glands and ovaries at 48 and 72h after tick removal from the host; in synganglia these parameters were maintained at low levels upon 48h. The results obtained suggest that there is a refined control of tissue maintenance through apoptosis.
