Immunohistochemical analysis of sex hormone receptors in squamous changes of the urothelium.

OBJECTIVE: Squamous cell transformation of the urinary bladder urothelium has various causes, symptoms, and few treatment options. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the expression of sex hormone receptors in non-keratinized and keratinized squamous metaplasia (NKSM, KSM), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and healthy urothelium with regard to possible therapeutic approaches. METHODS: Biopsies from 26 patients with urothelial NKSM, KSM, and SCC were analyzed retrospectively. Tissue microarrays (TMA) of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bladder biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin followed by immunohistochemical analysis with specific antibodies against estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors (ER, PR, AR) and assessment using the immunoreactive score. Statistical evaluations included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test in the form of permutation tests. RESULTS: Of the 15 women and 11 men included in this explorative study, 17 had metaplasia: 15 (six men, nine women) had NKSM and two KSM (both men). A total of nine patients (three men, six women) had keratinized SCC or urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation. The comparison between normal urothelial cells and metaplasia showed a significantly stronger expression in the metaplastic tissue (P=0.0374). The invasive carcinoma showed significantly less PR than the extracellular matrix of the healthy urothelium (P=0.0026). Expression of AR was nearly absent in healthy and metaplastic urothelium. CONCLUSION: There appears to be an association between squamous metaplasia of the bladder mucosa and sex steroid hormone receptor expression, especially estrogen receptors. Topical hormone therapy should be considered.

CATCH: A Prospective Precision Oncology Trial in Metastatic Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: CATCH (Comprehensive Assessment of clinical feaTures and biomarkers to identify patients with advanced or metastatic breast Cancer for marker driven trials in Humans) is a prospective precision oncology program that uses genomics and transcriptomics to guide therapeutic decisions in the clinical management of metastatic breast cancer. Herein, we report our single-center experience and results on the basis of the first 200 enrolled patients of an ongoing trial. METHODS: From June 2017 to March 2019, 200 patients who had either primary metastatic or progressive disease, with any number of previous treatment lines and at least one metastatic site accessible to biopsy, were enrolled. DNA and RNA from tumor tissue and corresponding blood-derived nontumor DNA were profiled using whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing. Identified actionable alterations were brought into clinical context in a multidisciplinary molecular tumor board (MTB) with the aim of prioritizing personalized treatment recommendations. RESULTS: Among the first 200 enrolled patients, 128 (64%) were discussed in the MTB, of which 64 (50%) were subsequently treated according to MTB recommendation. Of 53 evaluable patients, 21 (40%) achieved either stable disease (n = 13, 25%) or partial response (n = 8, 15%). Furthermore, 16 (30%) of those patients showed improvement in progression-free survival of at least 30% while on MTB-recommended treatment compared with the progression-free survival of the previous treatment line. CONCLUSION: The initial phase of this study demonstrates that precision oncology on the basis of whole-genome and RNA sequencing is feasible when applied in the clinical management of patients with metastatic breast cancer and provides clinical benefit to a substantial proportion of patients.

Initial experience with CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapies compared to antihormone monotherapies in routine clinical use in patients with hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative breast cancer - Data from the PRAEGNANT research network for the first 2 years of drug availability in Germany.

PURPOSE: Treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy (CDK4/6i + ET) is a standard for patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative (HR + HER2-) breast cancer (BC). However, real-world data on the implementation of therapy usage, efficacy, and toxicity have not yet been reported. METHODS: The PRAEGNANT registry was used to identify advanced HR + HER2- BC patients (n = 1136). The use of chemotherapy, ET, everolimus + ET, and CDK4/6i + ET was analyzed for first-line, second-line, and third-line therapy. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were also compared between patients treated with CDK4/6i + ET and ET monotherapy. Also toxicity was assessed. RESULTS: CDK4/6i + ET use increased from 38.5% to 62.7% in the first 2 years after CDK4/6i treatment became available (November 2016). Chemotherapy and ET monotherapy use decreased from 2015 to 2018 from 42.2% to 27.2% and from 53% to 9.5%, respectively. In this early analysis no statistically significant differences were found comparing CDK4/6i + ET and ET monotherapy patients with regard to PFS and OS. Leukopenia was was seen in 11.3% of patients under CDK4/6i + ET and 0.5% under ET monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical practice, CDK4/6i + ET has been rapidly implemented. A group of patients with a more unfavorable prognosis was possibly treated in the real-world setting than in the reported randomized clinical trials. The available data suggest that longer follow-up times and a larger sample size are required in order to identify differences in survival outcomes. Studies should be supported that investigate whether chemotherapy can be avoided or delayed in this patient population by using CDK4/6i + ET.

Atezolizumab for use in PD-L1-positive unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.

Since the US FDA-approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor, anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 monoclonal antibody ipilimumab, for metastatic melanoma on 28 March 2011, another six agents have been granted use among a multitude of tumors, including renal cell cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, urothelial carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer. The first anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 monoclonal antibody to receive the FDA approval, atezolizumab (Tecentriq®), has yielded promising results among international Phase III trials in triple-negative breast cancer and small-cell lung cancer, expanding the field of cancer immunotherapies. Herein, we review the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of atezolizumab, its safety and efficacy data from early clinical trials and summarize data from Phase III IMpassion130 trial, prompting FDA and EMA approval of atezolizumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Finally, implications for clinical use and ongoing research will be briefly discussed.

Locoregional risk assessment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with primary breast cancer: clinical utility of the CPS + EG score.

PURPOSE: Locoregional control is a prerequisite to cure primary breast cancer but the prediction of locoregional recurrence to guide further local therapy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains a challenge. The CPS + EG score was designed to predict distant recurrences. Here we examine its ability to predict both not only distant but also locoregional recurrences with respect to accuracy and clinical applicability. METHODS: Clinical data from 432 patients with primary breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy between 2003 and 2011 were prospectively collected. Using the Kaplan-Meier method we analyzed the risk of local and distant recurrences according to individual CPS + EG scores, stratified by type of surgery. Possible confounding of the relationship between recurrence risk and CPS + EG score by established risk factors was accounted for in multiple survival regression models. Additionally, we analyzed the performance of the CPS + EG score to predict isolated locoregional recurrence by censoring patients with prior or simultaneous distant metastases. RESULTS: 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival was 90%, and 5-year distant metastases-free survival was 82%. The CPS + EG score stratified patients into six prognostic groups with distinct 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival, ranging from 100 to 41% (p = 0.02) and 5-year distant metastases-free survival, ranging from 96 to 35% (p < 0.0001). 8 patients (17%) with CPS + EG scores ≥ 4 experienced locoregional recurrence-5 of them presented with simultaneous distant disease. CONCLUSION: The CPS + EG score, originally designed to predict distant relapse, is also valuable for assessing local recurrence risks. Our data demonstrate that distant and locoregional recurrence risks are closely related. As prognosis of patients with high risk of locoregional failure based on CPS + EG is dominated by distant recurrences, escalating local therapies may have limited impact on overall prognosis.

Prediction of local recurrence risk after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with primary breast cancer: Clinical utility of the MD Anderson Prognostic Index.

BACKGROUND: Locoregional recurrence after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis. It is essential to identify patients at high risk of locoregional recurrence who may benefit from extended local therapy. Here, we examined the prediction accuracy and clinical applicability of the MD Anderson Prognostic Index (MDAPI). METHODS: Prospective clinical data from 456 patients treated between 2003 and 2011 was analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to examine the probabilities of locoregional recurrence, local recurrence and distant metastases according to individual prognosis score, stratified by type of surgery (breast conserving therapy or mastectomy). The possible confounding of the relationship between recurrence risk and MDAPI by established risk factors was accounted for in multiple survival regression models. To define the clinical utility of the MDAPI we analyzed its performance to predict locoregional recurrence censoring patients with prior or simultaneous distant metastases. RESULTS: Mastectomized patients (42% of the patients) presented with more advanced tumor stage, lower tumor grade, hormone-receptor positive disease and consequently lower pathological complete response rates. Only a few patients presented with high-risk scores (2,7% MDAPI≥3). All patients with high-risk MDAPI score (MDAPI ≥3) who developed locoregional recurrence were simultaneously affected by distant metastases. CONCLUSION: Our data do not support a clinical utility of the MDAPI to guide local therapy.

COOLHAIR: a prospective randomized trial to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of scalp cooling in patients undergoing (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is a distressing side effect for women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Scalp cooling is a method aiming to prevent CIA, but its efficacy is not well defined. Randomized trials until recently and at the time this trial was designed have been lacking. METHODS: Patients undergoing (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer (EBC) were randomized to scalp cooling (CAP) or observation (NoCAP). All patients received 18-24 weeks of anthracycline- and/or taxane-based chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was patient-reported rate of alopecia according to a modified version of the Dean Scale. Hair preservation was defined as hair loss ≤ grade 2 (≤ 50%). Secondary endpoints were rate of alopecia determined by medical staff, rate of wig/scarf use, tolerability as well as quality of life (QoL). RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients were randomized. Hair preservation was observed in 39.3% of patients in the CAP arm versus 0% in the NoCAP arm (p < 0.001). Wig/scarf use was significantly less frequent in the CAP group (40.7% vs 95.5% outside home before cycle 3, p < 0.001). The drop-out rate was 31.7% and 34.2% in the CAP and NoCAP arm, respectively. Main reasons for drop-out were hair loss, adverse events (CAP), and randomization into control arm. We observed no differences in efficacy between anthracycline-based and non-anthracycline-based regimens. QoL did not differ between the study arms. CONCLUSIONS: This trial adds to the evidence that scalp cooling effectively prevents CIA in a meaningful number of patients. This option should be made available for patients undergoing (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy for EBC.

Comparison of immunohistochemistry with PCR for assessment of ER, PR, and Ki-67 and prediction of pathological complete response in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Proliferation may predict response to neoadjuvant therapy of breast cancer and is commonly assessed by manual scoring of slides stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Ki-67 similar to ER and PgR. This method carries significant intra- and inter-observer variability. Automatic scoring of Ki-67 with digital image analysis (qIHC) or assessment of MKI67 gene expression with RT-qPCR may improve diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: Ki-67 IHC visual assessment was compared to the IHC nuclear tool (AperioTM) on core biopsies from a randomized neoadjuvant clinical trial. Expression of ESR1, PGR and MKI67 by RT-qPCR was performed on RNA extracted from the same formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Concordance between the three methods (vIHC, qIHC and RT-qPCR) was assessed for all 3 markers. The potential of Ki-67 IHC and RT-qPCR to predict pathological complete response (pCR) was evaluated using ROC analysis and non-parametric Mann-Whitney Test. RESULTS: Correlation between methods (qIHC versus RT-qPCR) was high for ER and PgR (spearman´s r = 0.82, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.86, p < 0.0001, respectively) resulting in high levels of concordance using predefined cut-offs. When comparing qIHC of ER and PgR with RT-qPCR of ESR1 and PGR the overall agreement was 96.6 and 91.4%, respectively, while overall agreement of visual IHC with RT-qPCR was slightly lower for ER/ESR1 and PR/PGR (91.2 and 92.9%, respectively). In contrast, only a moderate correlation was observed between qIHC and RT-qPCR continuous data for Ki-67/MKI67 (Spearman's r = 0.50, p = 0.0001). Up to now no predictive cut-off for Ki-67 assessment by IHC has been established to predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Setting the desired sensitivity at 100%, specificity for the prediction of pCR (ypT0ypN0) was significantly higher for mRNA than for protein (68.9% vs. 22.2%). Moreover, the proliferation levels in patients achieving a pCR versus not differed significantly using MKI67 RNA expression (Mann-Whitney p = 0.002), but not with qIHC of Ki-67 (Mann-Whitney p = 0.097) or vIHC of Ki-67 (p = 0.131). CONCLUSION: Digital image analysis can successfully be implemented for assessing ER, PR and Ki-67. IHC for ER and PR reveals high concordance with RT-qPCR. However, RT-qPCR displays a broader dynamic range and higher sensitivity than IHC. Moreover, correlation between Ki-67 qIHC and RT-qPCR is only moderate and RT-qPCR with MammaTyper® outperforms qIHC in predicting pCR. Both methods yield improvements to error-prone manual scoring of Ki-67. However, RT-qPCR was significantly more specific.

Efficacy of nab-paclitaxel does not seem to be associated with SPARC expression in metastatic breast cancer.

AIM: To evaluate the predictive value of the expression of the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) for nab-paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with progressive MBC were prospectively treated with nab-paclitaxel. Expression of SPARC in tumor cells was assessed by an immunoreactive score, integrating staining intensity and percentage of positive tumor cells; expression in stroma based on staining intensity. SPARC serum levels were determined before 1st and 2nd cycle of nab-paclitaxel and at progression. By applying several cut-offs the association between SPARC expression or serum levels and clinical end-points was analyzed. RESULTS: No clear association between expression of SPARC in primary or metastatic tumor tissue or in serum and any clinical end-point could be detected regardless of the various cut-offs applied. CONCLUSION: Efficacy of nab-paclitaxel in MBC does not seem to be associated with expression of SPARC in tumor tissues or serum.