Incidence and characteristics of transient St-segment elevation during transseptal puncture.

PURPOSE: Delineate retrospectively and prospectively the incidence and characteristics of transient ST-segment elevation during transseptal puncture. METHODS: The study retrospectively evaluated 307 patients from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017, and prospectively evaluated 231 patients from January 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019. RESULTS: The presence of ST-segment elevation was significantly higher in the prospective sample than in the retrospective sample (5.2% vs. 1.3%, p < 0.05). Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in age, sex, comorbidities, left atrial volume index, and the etiology of atrial fibrillation among patients with ST-segment alteration. In all patients, the ST-segment elevation was observed in the inferior wall derivations, except for one patient with ST elevation in lead I, AVL, V1-V4 during the septal puncture, associated with sinus bradycardia and reversed hypotension with intravenous fluids. Comparative analysis of the systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and the minimum heart rate during the phenomenon demonstrated more severity in the retrospectively evaluated population than in the prospective population. There was a significant association between the occurrence of ST-segment elevation > 2 mm and the presence of symptoms. In these patients, coronary angiography showed no alterations. Atropine was administered to one patient who presented with junctional bradycardia after the puncture. This medication reversed the situation. CONCLUSION: ST-segment elevation is a short-term phenomenon that can occur during transseptal catheterization without clinically evident symptoms. The catheter ablation procedure can be safely concluded despite the occurrence of the phenomenon.

Incidência de lesões esofágicas em pacientes submetidos a ablação de fibrilação atrial com cateter circular multipolar (PVAC-GOLD®) / Incidence of esophageal lesions in patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation with multipolar pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC-GOLD®)

Lesões do esôfago são descritas como complicação da ablação por radiofrequência da fibrilação atrial. Os trabalhos que avaliaram a formação das lesões esofágicas em ablações de fibrilação atrial tiveram como padrão de fonte de energia a radiofrequência em modo unipolar, utilizando o cateter irrigado. Atualmente está disponível o cateter circular multipolar (PVAC-GOLD®), que utiliza ciclos de aplicação de energia em fases (Duty-Cycled Phased RF). Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de lesão esofágica em pacientes submetidos a ablação de fibrilação atrial utilizando-se o cateter PVAC-GOLD®. Método: Entre agosto de 2014 e agosto de 2017, foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a ablação de fibrilação atrial sintomática com uso do cateter PVAC-GOLD®. Por meio da realização de endoscopia digestiva alta no pós-operatório, buscou-se determinar a ocorrência de lesão esofágica térmica associada ao procedimento. Resultados: O estudo incluiu um total de 117 pacientes (74% com fibrilação atrial paroxística), com média de idade de 54,8 anos, e predominantemente do sexo masculino. Destes, apenas 2 apresentaram lesões esofágicas térmicas diagnosticadas por meio da endoscopia digestiva alta. Conclusão: A lesão esofágica parece ser um achado incomum em pacientes submetidos a isolamento elétrico das veias pulmonares com o cateter circular multipolar (PVAC-GOLD®)

Esophageal lesions are described as a complication after ablation for atrial fibrillation. The studies evaluating the development of esophageal lesions in ablation due to atrial fibrillation had unipolar mode radiofrequency energy source using an irrigated catheter. A multipolar pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC-GOLD®) is currently available, which uses phase-in cycles of energy (Duty-Cycled Phased RF). This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of esophageal lesions in patients undergoing ablations due to atrial fibrillation using the PVAC-GOLD® catheter. Method: Between August 2014 and August 2017, patients undergoing ablation due to symptomatic atrial fibrillation with the use of the PVAC-GOLD® catheter were included in the study. Upper digestive endoscopy was performed in the postoperative period to determine the presence of thermal esophageal lesions associated to the procedure. Results: A total of 117 patients, with mean age of 54.8 years, predominantly males, were included in the study. Of these patients, only 2 presented thermal esophageal lesions diagnosed by endoscopy. Conclusion: Esophageal lesion seems to be an unusual finding in patients undergoing electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins using the multipolar pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC-GOLD®)

Comparison of a shortened isosorbide dinitrate-potentiated head-up tilt testing with the conventional protocol: tolerance and diagnostic accuracy.

BACKGROUND: The head-up tilt test (HUT) is widely used to investigate unexplained syncope; however, in clinical practice, it is long and sometimes not well tolerated. OBJECTIVES: To compare the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and patients' tolerance of a conventional and shortened HUT. METHODS: Patients with a history of vasovagal syndrome (VVS) were randomized to a conventional HUT (group I) consisting of 20-minute passive tilt followed by 25 minutes after administration of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), or a shortened HUT (group II) where ISDN was given immediately after tilt and observed for 25 minutes. The control group consisted of age- and gender-matched subjects without VVS symptoms. A specific questionnaire to evaluate tolerance was applied. RESULTS: Sixty patients (29 ± 10 years, 82% female) were included. In group I, 22/30 patients had a positive HUT compared to 21/30 in group II (73% vs 70%, P = 0.77). There was also no difference in the accuracy between the two protocols (63% vs 73%, P = 0.24). The time to positivity was shorter in group II (13.2 minutes vs 30 minutes, P < 0.001). Within the control group (n = 60), the frequency of false-positives was 47% and 23% for the conventional and shortened HUT, respectively (P = 0.058). After conventional HUT, 65.2% subjects reported that the test was too long compared to 25% subjects after the shortened HUT (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: In this study, the HUT without passive phase was not inferior to the conventional HUT regarding sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Furthermore, the shortened ISDN-potentiated protocol allowed faster diagnosis and was better tolerated.

[Oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: from guidelines to bedside]. / Anticoagulação oral em pacientes com fibrilação atrial: das diretrizes à prática clínica.

OBJECTIVE: Although oral anticoagulation has proved beneficial for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and embolic risk factors, it is still underused. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of anticoagulation therapy in patients with AF followed in a private clinic specialized in cardiology, in accordance with the American and European societies of cardiology guidelines/2006 and with the Brazilian Guidelines/2003. METHODS: Between November 2005 and August 2006, we evaluated 7,486 electrocardiograms and selected 53 patients with AF and complete chart records. Clinical characteristics, including embolic risk factor, echocardiographic data and medical treatment were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 53 patients (68+/-16 years; 29 men), 25 (48%) had hypertension, 20 (38%) heart failure and 3 (6%) diabetes. Among the 15 patients with high embolic risk, 13 (86%) were on oral anticoagulation. In accordance with the American and European guidelines: 32 (60%) patients were Class I, 17 (32%) Class IIa, 1 (2%) Class IIb and 3 (6%) Class III. Treatment was adequate in 21 (66%) Class I patients and 13 (76%) Class IIa. In these, anticoagulation therapy was used in 7/19 (37%) patients > 75 years compared to 22/30 (73%) younger. Among the 3 patients within Class III, 1 was incorrectly on OAC. According to Brazilian guidelines, 33 (62%) were on correctly indicated antithrombotic therapy. There was no difference in the appropriate prescription of oral anticoagulants, comparing the international and Brazilian guidelines (55% vs. 55%). CONCLUSION: According to recent guidelines, anticoagulant therapy has been adequately prescribed for the majority of AF patients, although this is still far from ideal, especially in a cardiology clinic. It is even more critical in the group of older patients.

Anticoagulação oral em pacientes com fibrilação atrial: das diretrizes à prática clínica / Oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: from guidelines to bedside

OBJETIVO: Apesar da anticoagulação oral (ACO) ter benefício comprovado em pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA) e fatores de risco embólico, ela vem sendo subutilizada. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a adequação da terapêutica anticoagulante em pacientes com FA acompanhados em clínica especializada em cardiologia, privada, de acordo com as diretrizes das sociedades americana e europeia de cardiologia de 2006 e a diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) de 2003. MÉTODOS: No período de novembro/2005 a agosto/2006 foram avaliados 7.486 eletrocardiogramas e selecionados 53 pts com laudo de FA e informações claras relatadas em prontuário sobre fatores de risco embólico e terapêutica de ACO. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 53 pacientes incluídos (68±16 anos; 29 homens - 55 por cento), 25 (48 por cento) tinham HAS, 20 (38 por cento) insuficiência cardíaca e 3 (6 por cento) DM. Dentre os 15 pacientes com alto risco embólico, 13 (86 por cento) estavam em uso de ACO. De acordo com a recomendação das diretrizes americana e europeia: 32 (60 por cento) pacientes tinham indicação Classe I, 17 (32 por cento) Classe IIa, 1 (2 por cento) Classe IIb e 3 (6 por cento) Classe III. Estavam adequadamente tratados 21 (66 por cento) pacientes da Classe I e 13 (76 por cento) pacientes Classe IIa. Nesse subgrupo, 7/19 (37 por cento) pacientes com idade >75 anos estavam sendo anticoagulados, comparado a 22/30 (73 por cento) daqueles com idade inferior (p=0,016). Dentre os três pacientes com indicação Classe III, um estava incorretamente com prescrição de anticoagulante. Pela diretriz da SBC, 33 (62 por cento) recebiam terapêutica antitrombótica adequada. Não houve diferença na utilização correta de ACO, comparando-se a diretriz brasileira e diretrizes americana e europeia (55 por cento vs. 55 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: A terapêutica anticoagulante está sendo prescrita adequadamente na maioria dos pacientes com FA, embora esse índice ainda esteja muito aquém ...

OBJECTIVE: Although oral anticoagulation has proved beneficial for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and embolic risk factors, it is still underused. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of anticoagulation therapy in patients with AF followed in a private clinic specialized in cardiology, in accordance with the American and European societies of cardiology guidelines/2006 and with the Brazilian Guidelines/2003. METHODS: Between November 2005 and August 2006, we evaluated 7,486 electrocardiograms and selected 53 patients with AF and complete chart records. Clinical characteristics, including embolic risk factor, echocardiographic data and medical treatment were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 53 patients (68±16 years; 29 men), 25 (48 percent) had hypertension, 20 (38 percent) heart failure and 3 (6 percent) diabetes. Among the 15 patients with high embolic risk, 13 (86 percent) were on oral anticoagulation. In accordance with the American and European guidelines: 32 (60 percent) patients were Class I, 17 (32 percent) Class IIa, 1 (2 percent) Class IIb and 3 (6 percent) Class III. Treatment was adequate in 21 (66 percent) Class I patients and 13 (76 percent) Class IIa. In these, anticoagulation therapy was used in 7/19 (37 percent) patients > 75 years compared to 22/30 (73 percent) younger. Among the 3 patients within Class III, 1 was incorrectly on OAC. According to Brazilian guidelines, 33 (62 percent) were on correctly indicated antithrombotic therapy. There was no difference in the appropriate prescription of oral anticoagulants, comparing the international and Brazilian guidelines (55 percent vs. 55 percent). CONCLUSION: According to recent guidelines, anticoagulant therapy has been adequately prescribed for the majority of AF patients, although this is still far from ideal, especially in a cardiology clinic. It is even more critical in the group of older patients.

Profilaxia da fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery

A alta prevalência da Fibrilação Atrial (FA) após cirurgia cardíaca, com suas reações adversas para os pacientes, demanda a padronização das terapias profiláticas. Entre os fatores predisponentes da FA pós-operatória encontram-se: idade avançada, doença valvar (estenose mitral) e cirurgia cardíaca prévia. Pericardite e lesão atrial pelo manuseio e canulação são fatores prováveis na sua patogênese. A prescrição de beta-bloqueadores, amiodarona e sotalol tem permitido a diminuição de sua incidência. A estimulação atrial parece ser uma boa opção para a prevenção de FA pós-cirúrgica, porém o tipo e o modo de estimulação ainda precisam de maiores estudos. Neste trabalho, revisamos e discutimos 72 artigos publicados sobre o assunto, objetivando comparar as terapias mais utilizadas, buscando assim um consenso para a profilaxia da FA no pós-operatório das cirurgias cardíacas.

Percutaneous transluminal septal alcoholization for the treatment of refractory hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: initial experience in the Federal District.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of percutaneous transluminal septal alcoholization in the treatment of refractory obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOC). METHODS: The patients were referred for alcoholization after Doppler echocardiography. Before and after alcoholization, the intraventricular pressure gradient was recorded. Alcoholization was performed with a 3mL injection of absolute alcohol through a coronary angioplasty balloon catheter. The procedure was concluded after a significant reduction or abolition of the pressure gradient. RESULTS: Of 22 patients, 18 (81.8%) successfully concluded the procedure with a reduction in intraventricular pressure gradient at baseline (from 67.6+/-24.2 mmHg to 3.8+/-1.9 mmHg, p<0.005) and after extrasystole (from 110.4+/-24.2 mmHg to 9.6+/-2.6 mm Hg, p<0.005). A significant reduction in mean interventricular septal thickness (from 2+/-0.3 mm to 1.7+/-0.2 mm, p<0.005) and in peak pressure gradient (from 90.7+/-23.5 mmHg to 6.1+/-1.4 mmHg, p<0.005) was observed on Doppler echocardiography after 6 months, when all patients were in functional class I. The most frequent acute complication, present in 11% of the patients, was the need for definitive pacing implantation. Relapse of the symptoms and reappearance of the pressure gradient occurred in 16.6% of the patients. One patient (5.5%) died probably due to a diffuse coronary spasm prior to the procedure, and another died suddenly on late follow-up. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transluminal septal alcoholization is effective and safe in the treatment of HOC.

Alcoolização septal transluminal percutânea no tratamento da cardiomiopatia hipertrofica obstrutiva refratária. Experiência inicial no Distritio Federal / Percutaneous transluminal septal alcoholization for the treatment of refractory hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Initial experience in the Federal District

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of percutaneous transluminal septal alcoholization in the treatment of refractory obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOC). METHODS: The patients were referred for alcoholization after Doppler echocardiography. Before and after alcoholization, the intraventricular pressure gradient was recorded. Alcoholization was performed with a 3mL injection of absolute alcohol through a coronary angioplasty balloon catheter. The procedure was concluded after a significant reduction or abolition of the pressure gradient. RESULTS: Of 22 patients, 18 (81.8 percent) successfully concluded the procedure with a reduction in intraventricular pressure gradient at baseline (from 67.6±24.2 mmHg to 3.8± 1.9 mmHg, p<0.005) and after extrasystole (from 110.4± 24.2 mmHg to 9.6±2.6 mm Hg, p<0.005). A significant reduction in mean interventricular septal thickness (from 2± 0.3 mm to 1.7±0.2 mm, p<0.005) and in peak pressure gradient (from 90.7±23.5 mmHg to 6.1±1.4 mmHg, p<0.005) was observed on Doppler echocardiography after 6 months, when all patients were in functional class I. The most frequent acute complication, present in 11 percent of the patients, was the need for definitive pacing implantation. Relapse of the symptoms and reappearance of the pressure gradient occurred in 16.6 percent of the patients. One patient (5.5 percent) died probably due to a diffuse coronary spasm prior to the procedure, and another died suddenly on late follow-up. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transluminal septal alcoholization is effective and safe in the treatment of HOC

Tratamento intra-operatório da fibrilaçäo atrial crônica com ultra-som / Intraoperative treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation with ultrasound

INTRODUÇÄO: A compartimentaçäo atrial intra-operatória foi realizada em 27 pacientes, utilizando ultra-som (US). Esta forma de energia parece ser mais efetiva na criaçäo de linhas de lesäo nos átrios, mais profundas e mais uniformes, sem causar carbonizaçäo. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram operados, de março de 1999 e junho de 2000, 27 pacientes, com média de idade de 36 anos. Destes, 19 eram mulheres, 23 eram portadores de doença reumática na valva mitral (5 eram casos de reoperaçäo), 2 apresentavam insuficiência mitral por degeneraçäo mixomatosa, 1 era portador de cardiopatia congênita e 1 apresentava fibrilaçäo atrial isolada. RESULTADOS: Os tempos operatórios foram em média de 166,6 minutos para a operaçäo, 69,2 minutos de circulaçäo extracorpórea, 39,7 minutos de parada cardíaca pelo pinçamento da aorta, e 12,5 minutos e 14 minutos para efetuar as linhas de ablaçäo nos átrios direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. Houve reversäo ao ritmo sinusal em 24 pacientes, durante o ato operatório. Em 2 pacientes a reversäo näo foi obtida e 1 paciente apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular transitório, näo havendo uma explicaçäo plausível para os 2 casos de näo reversäo, pois os 2 pacientes foram submetidos a operaçäo para correçäo da valvopatia pela primeira vez e o átrio näo estava muito dilatado. Foram observadas duas recorrências e dois óbitos ocorreram por insuficiência respiratória e choque cardiogênico, no pós-operatório imediato, sem relaçäo com a técnica. A porcentagem de sucesso foi de 81,4 por cento, por ocasiäo da alta hospitalar. Todos os pacientes fizeram uso de verapamil ou amiodarona, para remodelaçäo atrial. CONCLUSÄO: O uso do ultra-som, para criar linhas de ablaçäo no átrio, durante a cirurgia cardíaca, é efetivo, modifica e torna mais fácil o procedimento do labirinto, causa menos dano aos tecidos, diminui o tempo de cirurgia e as possibilidades de complicaçöes pós-operatórias

Método cirúrgico alternativo para o tratamento da fibrilaçäo atrial / Alternative surgical technique for treatment of atrial fibrillation

A fibrilaçäo atrial crônica ainda representa um desafio para a Cardiologia. Até o momento, a melhor abordagem para a reversäo e manutençäo do ritmo sinusal tem sido a cirurgia do labirinto, proposta por Cox. No entanto, a feitura de linhas de bloqueios nos átrios, através de incisöes e suturas é demorada, prolongando o tempo de circulaçäo extracorpórea e, consequentemente, aumentando as chances de complicaçöes trans e pós-cirúrgicas. Em nossa proposta, passamos a realizar as linhas modificadas e simplificadas, usando cateter de ablaçäo e rádio-frequência ou bisturi de ultra-som. Até o momento, foram operados 19 pacientes com valvopatias reumáticas e um com cardiopatia congênitas. Em 90 por cento destes houve reversäo imediata ao ritmo sinusal, havendo recidiva tardia em 4 pacientes (22 por cento), durante evoluçäo clínica média de 11 meses

Reversão da fibrilação atrial crônica pela técnica do labirinto com aplicação de radiofreqüência e ultra-som transoperatórios / Chronic atrial fibrillation reversion by a modified Cox Maze procedure using radiofrequency and transoperatory ultrasound

A técnica do labirinto, idealizada por Cox (Maze procedure), tem sido utilizada, prioritariamente, para reversão ao ritmo sinusal, em pacientes com fibrilação atrial crônica (FAC) e doenças cardíacas de indicação cirúrgica. As incisões atriais, para formação do labirinto, são realizadas por dissecção, seguida de sutura, o que eleva o tempo cirúrgico, aumentando a probabilidade de complicações pós-operatórias. Em vista disso, idealizamos a realização destas linhas pela aplicação transcirúrgica de radiofreqüência (RF) ou ultra-som, na parede atrial, o que proporciona uma redução acentuada do tempo cirúrgico. Foram operados, nos anos de 1998 e 1999, 5 pacientes, sendo 3 do sexo feminino, com média de idades de 45,8 anos, portadores de lesão orovalvar mitral e FAC. Durante o ato cirúrgico, os pacientes foram monitorizados com ECG das derivações periféricas. Após a instalação da circulação extracorpórea convencional, sem cardioplegia, foi aberto o átrio direito e aplicado RF, realizando as linhas, de acordo com a técnica do labirinto modificada (Maze procedure). Ao término da aplicação da RF, no átrio direito, observou-se a regularização do R-R da FAC e o aumento das ondas "F", dando a impressão de flutter atípico. Em seguida ao pinçamento da aorta e abertura do átrio esquerdo, procedeu-se ao isolamento da aurícula esquerda e à realização das linhas do átrio esquerdo.Com a liberação da aorta, o coração voltou a contrair-se, espontaneamente, com retorno ao ritmo sinusal, observando-se a contração dos átrios. Após as trocas valvares e redução do átrio esquerdo, o ECG continuava a registrar o ritmo sinusal. Nos 2 últimos pacientes foi utilizado o ultra-som, que nos pareceu, além de facilitar a realização das linhas, produzir lesões mais profundas. Todos evoluíram bem no pós-operatório imediato e tardio, mantendo-se em ritmo sinusal. Com a finalidade de remodelação atrial, usou-se Verapamil na dose de 120 mg/dia. Concluindo, a técnica permitiu, nesses casos, a realização do procedimento do labirinto sem grandes agressões, em curto espaço de tempo e sem complicações no pós-operatório imediato

Tratamento cirúrgico da taquicardia ventricular refratária: nova proposta técnica / Surgical treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia: a new technique

A miocardiopatia provocada pela doença de Chagas cria, freqüentemente, circuitos elétricos de reentrada, possibilitando o desencadeamento de taquicardia ventricular, geralmente refratária (TVR) às drogas antiarrítmicas. Muitas vezes, este quadro desorganiza eletricamente os ventrículos, provocando a morte do paciente. Nova proposta técnica para tratamento da (TVR) foi empregada em 9 pacientes, portadores da doença de Chagas com esta arritimia, sendo 8 com aneurisma de ponta e 1 da regiäo infero-basal. Na maioria dos casos, o foco da taquicardia encontrava-se fora da borda do aneurisma ou da área de fibrose geralmente na regiäo basal ou póstero-lateral do ventrículo esquerdo. A idade variou entre 34 e 62 anos, com média de 48. Quatro eram do sexo masculino e 5 do feminino. Todos encontravam-se no grau funcional III e IV e a maioria apresentava episódios freqüentes de síncope, provocados pela taquicardia. Em 2 dos pacientes havia relato de AVC prévio e foi encontrado aneurisma de ponta em 8, aneurisma póstero-basal com extensa fibrose em 1 e trombo intracavitário em 6. Durante o ato cirúrgico foram induzidas as taquicardias clínicas em todos os pacientes. Na regiäo em que o toque do instrumental cirúrgico conseguiu interrompê-las, foram realizadas aplicaçöes de radiofreqüência, através de cateteres de ablaçäo, no centro e nas bordas do foco. Logo após, e no sétimo dia de pós-operatório, nenhuma taquicardia pôde ser induzida com os protocolos de estimulaçäo ventricular programada. A evoluçäo de 13+/-7 meses, sem uso de drogas antiarrítmicas, mostra que 8 estäo assintomáticos e em classe funcional I e II. Um paciente, com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, faleceu de insuficiência respiratória no pós-operatório tardio (3 meses), sem ter apresentado taquicardia. Em conclusäo, esta técnica é facilmente reprodutível, podendo ser realizada com simplicidade, sem necessidade de aparelhagem sofisticada de eletrofisiologia, e apresenta alto grau de sucesso na cura da TVR. Em nossa casuística, até o momento, o índice foi de 100 por cento.

Efficácia das drogas antiarrítmicas. Proposta para uma nova forma de avaliação baseada nos efeitos farmacológicos horários / Antiarrhythmic drug effectiveness. Proposal for a new approach based on pharmacological hourly effects

PURPOSE--To use a new approach in order to assess the antiarrhythmic drugs, based in the hourly autonomic effects and antiarrhythmic efficacy of sotalol. METHODS--Sixteen patients were evaluated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Patients were classified in group 1 (anti-arrhythmic efficacy) and group 2 (no antiarrhythmic efficacy). The following parameters were analyzed: 1) clinical variables as age, gender, cardiac disease and ventricular ectopies density; 2) drug effects on pNN50 in 24-hour and on mean hourly cardiac cycle length; 3) percentage of hourly ventricular ectopies distribution and its correlation with pNN50 and with mean hourly cardiac cycle length in all patients; 4) drug effects on mean hourly cardiac cycle length in groups 1 and 2; 5) correlation between hourly pNN50 and ventricular ectopies density after sotalol administration in groups 1 and 2; 6) hourly drug efficacy in groups 1 and 2 and correlation with pNN50. RESULTS--Efficacy of the drug was present in 8 (50) patients. Sotalol significantly increased 24-hour pNN50 (placebo 5.01 +/- 2.02; after drug, 11.70 +/- 5.59-p < 0.001), also increasing mean hourly cardiac cycle length during the day and night, in all patients (placebo 758.25 +/- 75.68 ms; after drug 967.71 +/- 80.17 ms-p < 0.000). It was noted that patients under placebo had different autonomic tonus; group 1 showed higher sympathetic activity as compared to group 2. Hourly drug efficacy was seen in 23 of 24-hour recordings in group 1 while it was not seen at any time in group 2. CONCLUSION--Sotalol significantly increased parasympathetic cardiac activity. The anti-arrhythmic response was related to the autonomic tonus seen before and after drug administration.

Eficácia do sotalol nas arritmias ventriculares idiopáticas com origem em trato de saída de ventrículo direito / Efficacy of Sotalol in Patients With Idiophatic Right Ventricular Arrhythmias

PURPOSE--To evaluate the effects of sotalol in patients (pts) with idiophatic ventricular arrhythmias (VT) from right ventricular outflow tract. METHODS--Eighteen pts with VT were enrolled (five with monomorphic repetitive ventricular tachycardia - MRVT). Pts were submitted to a double-blind crossover randomized study (placebo vs. 320 mg/po/d/sotalol; four weeks each), after a wash-out control period. Holter recording were recorded in control and placebo and drug periods. Eligible pts have > 50/h isolated ventricular premature beats (VPB) in control, with or without paired VPB or nonsustained VT (NSVT- > 3 beats, > 100bpm). Drug efficacy criteria was: > 75//reduction in isolated VPB and > 90//of paired VPB or NSVT. The effects of the drug on uncorrected QT interval was evaluated and also on circadian rhythm of VT through the hourly pNN50/VPB ratios. Values are given as mean +/- SD. Three recordings were compared by using paired Student's ®t® test. Statistical significance was assumed for p < 0.05. RESULTS--Differences between control and placebo were NS. Drug was effective in 61//of pts, reducing the 3 types of ET (VPB: placebo = 23.508 +/- 34.537; drug: 975 +/- 1357; paired placebo = 443 +/- 587; drug = 9 +/- 20). The drug was evaluated in 4 pts with MRVT, reducing all ectopic events, with efficacy of 60//over VPB and paired and 80//over NSVT (VPB: placebo = 52.639 +/- 42.207; drug: 1631 +/- 2062; paired: placebo = 796 +/- 754; drug: 20 +/- 30; NSVT: placebo = 4287 +/- 6343; drug: 9 +/- 11). Mean QT interval was 0.40 +/- 0.01s in control and 0.50 +/- 0.04s in the drug period, with no correlation between duration and efficacy. Sotalol modified the circardian rhythm of VPB in the non-responders group, mainly during the morning. CONCLUSION--Sotalol was effective in control of VT, mainly the MRVT. Its effect on VPB circadian rhythm may independently contribute to the overall efficacy profile and myocardial protective effect of this drug

Displasia ventricular direita arritmogênica: diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento / Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: diagnosis, prognosis and treatment

Descritas as características anátomo-clínicas da displasia ventricular direita arritmogênica e discutidos os métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, é apresentada a Série de Maastricht constituída de 14 pacientes, com os dados clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos num tempo médio de 4.2 anos de acompanhamento