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1.
Pediatr Neonatol ; 65(2): 170-176, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37741759

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Ureaplasma spp. is an endemic microorganism that causes placental chorioamnionitis or preterm delivery in pregnant women, and the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or intraventricular hemorrhaging in preterm infants after birth, although the pathogenicity of Ureaplasma remains controversial. The association between Ureaplasma exposure and the symptoms or outcomes of infected mothers or their infants born at term remains poorly understood. We investigated the clinical characteristics of preterm and term infants with or without Ureaplasma in their gastric fluid. METHODS: Gastric fluid samples were collected from 47 newborns in the neonatal intensive-care unit immediately after birth and tested using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting Ureaplasma spp., Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. The clinical findings and outcomes of the neonates and their mothers were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Ureaplasma spp. were detected in 9/47 samples (19%) by multiplex PCR assays. In all cases, the subspecies was U. parvum. The Ureaplasma-positive group had a significantly higher incidence of chorioamnionitis in utero than the Ureaplasma-negative group. Regarding preterm infants, the IgM levels in the Ureaplasma-positive group were significantly higher than in the Ureaplasma-negative group. In contrast, in term infants, the rates of a non-reassuring fetal status, a maternal fever, and maternal leukocyte counts and maternal C-reactive protein levels within five days before delivery in the Ureaplasma-positive group were significantly higher than those in the Ureaplasma-negative group. All three extremely-low-birth-weight infants with Ureaplasma developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The length of hospitalization in the Ureaplasma-positive group was almost same as that in the Ureaplasma-negative group for term infants. CONCLUSION: Mothers or their fetuses with exposure to Ureaplasma expressed characteristic clinical features during pregnancy and after birth.


Subject(s)
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia , Chorioamnionitis , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Ureaplasma , Infant, Premature , Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/epidemiology , Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/etiology , Chorioamnionitis/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Placenta
2.
Brain Pathol ; 33(6): e13199, 2023 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37534760

ABSTRACT

The mitochondrial (m.) 3243A>G mutation is known to be associated with various mitochondrial diseases including mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Their clinical symptoms have been estimated to occur with an increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy and reduced activity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, but their trends in the central nervous system remain unknown. Six autopsied mutant cases and three disease control cases without the mutation were enrolled in this study. The mutant cases had a disease duration of 1-27 years. Five of six mutant cases were compatible with MELAS. In the mutant cases, cortical lesions including a laminar necrosis were frequently observed in the parietal, lateral temporal, and occipital lobes; less frequently in the frontal lobe including precentral gyrus; and not at all in the medial temporal lobe. The mtDNA heteroplasmy in brain tissue samples of the mutant cases was strikingly high, ranging from 53.8% to 85.2%. The medial temporal lobe was preserved despite an inhospitable environment having high levels of mtDNA heteroplasmy and lactic acid. OXPHOS complex I was widely decreased in the mutant cases. The swelling of smooth muscle cells in the vessels on the leptomeninges, with immunoreactivity (IR) against mitochondria antibody, and a decreased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of choroidal epithelial cells were observed in all mutant cases but in none without the mutation. Common neuropathological findings such as cortical laminar necrosis and basal ganglia calcification were not always observed in the mutant cases. A high level of mtDNA heteroplasmy was observed throughout the brain in spite of heterogeneous cortical lesions. A lack of medial temporal lesion, mitochondrial vasculopathy in vessels on the leptomeninges, and an increased cytoplasmic size of epithelial cells in the choroid plexus could be neuropathological hallmarks helpful in the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases.


Subject(s)
MELAS Syndrome , Mitochondrial Diseases , Humans , MELAS Syndrome/genetics , MELAS Syndrome/complications , MELAS Syndrome/pathology , Mitochondria/pathology , Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Mutation , Necrosis
3.
J Clin Med ; 12(14)2023 Jul 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37510838

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cardiac complications due to anthracycline treatment may become evident several years after chemotherapy and are recognized as a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients or childhood cancer survivors. OBJECTIVES: We analyzed ventricular repolarization parameters in electrocardiography for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients during chemotherapy and in long-term follow-up. To establish the reference values of ventricular repolarization parameters in children, we retrospectively summarized the Tpe interval, QT interval, QTc interval, and Tpe/QT ratio in healthy Japanese children. METHODS: Electrocardiography data recorded from students in 1st and 7th grades were randomly selected from a database maintained by the school-based screening system in the Oita city cohort, Japan. Subsequently, chronological data of the Tpe/QT ratio in 17 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were analyzed over time. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation of the Tpe interval in 1st and 7th graders was 70 ± 7 and 78 ± 17 ms, respectively, while the mean ± standard deviation of the Tpe/QT ratio was 0.21 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.02 ms, respectively. During the intensive phase of treatment, the Tpe/QT ratios of 3 high-risk patients among the 17 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia exceeded the upper limit. CONCLUSION: The Tpe/QT ratio has a potential clinical application in predicting the risk of long-term ventricular arrhythmia of cancer patients or childhood cancer survivors from childhood to adulthood.

6.
CEN Case Rep ; 11(4): 506-510, 2022 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35596114

ABSTRACT

Rituximab (RTX) has been used to treat B cell lineage lymphoma/leukemia or autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. RTX therapy has been extensively applied to cases of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Rituximab-induced serum sickness (RISS) has been recognized as a rare severe type-3 hypersensitivity reaction in patients treated with RTX. We herein report a 10-year-old girl with RISS in FRNS. She was diagnosed with RISS based on characteristic symptoms, such as a fever, rash, arthritis, or proteinuria, during RTX therapy associated with a high level of human anti-chimeric antibody. Even after recovering from acute symptoms by RISS, she suffered from worsening relapses of nephrotic syndrome. The symptoms of RISS are non-specific, resembling viral infections, autoinflammatory diseases and Kawasaki disease, especially in children. While RISS is a rare complication among patients with nephrotic syndrome, it should be carefully considered as a severe complication in patients being treated with RTX.


Subject(s)
Nephrotic Syndrome , Serum Sickness , Child , Female , Humans , Rituximab , Nephrotic Syndrome/diagnosis , Serum Sickness/chemically induced , Immunologic Factors , Recurrence
7.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med ; 35(4): 625-629, 2022 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32126855

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the induction of autophagy in the human umbilical cord for physiological adaptation against starvation. METHODS: The expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II, p62) in umbilical cord tissues from 40 neonates was assessed by Western blotting. The correlation between the expression of autophagy-related proteins and maternal findings (height, weight, body mass index [BMI]), placental weight, neonatal findings (gestational age, height, weight, Apgar score at 1 min and 5 min), and the pH of the umbilical arterial blood were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test (p values of <.05 were considered significant). Venous blood findings (pH, pCO2, glucose, total protein, albumin, and lactic acid) were also evaluated in 16 neonates admitted to the NICU. RESULTS: The expression of LC3-II was positively correlated with serum total protein (ρ = 0.564, p = .023). The p62 level was also correlated with maternal BMI (ρ = 0.376, p = .017), the neonatal Apgar score at 1 min (ρ = 0.331 p = .037), total protein (ρ = 0.588, p = .017), and albumin (ρ = 0.552, p = .027) positively. A multiple linear regression analysis that included clinical parameters related to fetal nutrition and neonatal growth revealed that serum total protein was significantly associated with both LC3-II (p = .024) and p62 (p = .034) in the umbilical cord. CONCLUSION: The LC3-II or p62 expression in the umbilical cord may suggest the autophagy reaction for the homeostasis of protein or amino acid metabolism in the perinatal period.


Subject(s)
Fetal Blood , Placenta , Apgar Score , Autophagy , Female , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Umbilical Cord
8.
Children (Basel) ; 10(1)2022 Dec 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36670620

ABSTRACT

Video recording and editing of general movements (GMs) takes time. We devised an algorithm to automatically extract the period of GMs emergence to assist in the assessment of GMs. The algorithm consisted of δHR: subtracting the moving average heart rate (HR) for the past 60 s from the average instantaneous HR; and %δHR: the percentage of the instantaneous HR to the moving average HR. Ten-second sections in which δHR was positive for three consecutive sections and contained at least one section with %δHR > 105% were extracted. Extracted periods are called automated extraction sections (AESs). We evaluated the concordance rate between AESs and GMs in three periods (gestational age 24−32, 33−34, and 35−36 weeks). The records of 84 very low birth weight infants were evaluated. Approximately 90% of AESs were accompanied by GMs at any period in both the supine and prone positions. The proportion of full-course (beginning to end) GMs among GMs in the AES was 80−85% in the supine position and 90% in the prone position in all periods. We could extract a sufficient number of assessable GMs with this algorithm, which is expected to be widely used for assisting in the assessment of GMs.

9.
Nutrients ; 13(9)2021 Aug 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34578904

ABSTRACT

The liver function is essential for metabolism, detoxification, and bile synthesis, even in the neonatal period. Autophagy plays significance roles in THE adult liver, whereas the role of liver autophagy in the early neonatal period largely remains unclear. To clarify the importance of liver autophagy in the neonatal starvation period, we generated liver-specific autophagy-deficient (Atg5flox/flox; Albumin-Cre) mice and investigated under starvation conditions comparing with control (Atg5flox/+; Albumin-Cre) mice, focusing on serum metabolites and liver histopathology. As a result, autophagy in the liver was found to unessential for the survival under postnatal starvation. A metabolomics analysis of serum metabolites by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed a significant difference between the groups, especially after 12-h starvation, suggesting the synergistical adaption of metabolic pathways, such as the "malate-aspartate shuttle", "aspartate metabolism", "urea cycle", and "glycine and serine metabolism". Liver-specific autophagy-deficiency under postnatal starvation conditions can cause a characteristic metabolic alteration suggesting a change of the mitochondrial function. Neonates seemed to maintain ketone production under starvation conditions, even in the autophagy-deficient liver, through a change in the mitochondrial function, which may be an adaptive mechanism for avoiding fatal starvation.


Subject(s)
Autophagy-Related Protein 5/deficiency , Autophagy , Liver/metabolism , Metabolome , Starvation/blood , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Mice
10.
Early Hum Dev ; 137: 104835, 2019 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31473373

ABSTRACT

This paper is an examination of irritable behaviour in very low-birth-weight infants in relation to caffeine or aminophylline. We assessed tremulous movement (a sub-score of General Movements Optimality Score) in 18 caffeine-treated subjects and 18 aminophylline-treated subjects. Caffeine, unlike aminophylline, was not associated with irritable behaviour at standard dose.


Subject(s)
Caffeine/adverse effects , Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects , Infant Behavior , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/physiology , Irritable Mood , Aminophylline/administration & dosage , Aminophylline/adverse effects , Aminophylline/therapeutic use , Apnea/drug therapy , Bronchodilator Agents/administration & dosage , Bronchodilator Agents/adverse effects , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Caffeine/administration & dosage , Caffeine/therapeutic use , Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/drug therapy , Male , Movement
12.
Brain Dev ; 41(6): 490-500, 2019 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30770148

ABSTRACT

AIM: To clarify the morphologic characteristics of the brain, which are the foundation of the emergence of general movements (GMs) in very-low-birth-weight infants. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. GMs were scored according to a semiquantitative scoring system: the GMs optimality score (GMOS) at preterm and term ages. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age was scored using a validated scoring system (MRI score). We examined the relationship between the two scores by multiple regression analysis with relevant clinical background. SUBJECTS: We included 50 very-low-birth-weight infants cared for at Oita University Hospital from August 2012 to August 2018 who underwent MRI and GMs assessment. Their median gestational age and birth weight were 29w2d and 1145 g, respectively. RESULTS: The MRI score and systemic steroid administration were related to preterm GMOS, and the MRI score was related to term GMOS. The component cerebellum score and cortical grey matter score of the MRI score were associated with preterm GMOS, and the cerebellum and the cerebral white matter scores were associated with term GMOS. CONCLUSION: The quality of GMs was associated with brain morphological development. The co-evaluation of GMs and brain morphology leads to accurate developmental prediction.


Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Movement/physiology , Brain/growth & development , Cerebellum/growth & development , Cerebellum/pathology , Child Development , Cohort Studies , Female , Gestational Age , Gray Matter/growth & development , Gray Matter/pathology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/physiology , Japan , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Neonatal Screening/methods , Prospective Studies , White Matter/growth & development , White Matter/pathology
13.
Eur J Med Genet ; 61(6): 312-314, 2018 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29355723

ABSTRACT

CHARGE syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder involving multiple organs. Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein-7 (CHD7) is a major causative gene of CHARGE syndrome. We herein report a male infant born at full term with asphyxia who was diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome based on the typical anomalies. He showed a poor sucking ability and suffered from continuous hypoglycemia in early infancy, ultimately requiring tube feeding. While in a hypoglycemic status, inappropriate high insulin and low growth hormone levels were noticed. Growth hormone replacement therapy partially increased his blood glucose levels, but asymptomatic hypoglycemia with hyperinsulinemia was occasionally noticed. Additional diazoxide treatment stabilized his blood level to within the normal range. A genetic analysis of CHD7 showed the novel heterozygous monoallelic mutation c.2990delT causing a reading frameshift p.Leu997Trpfs*15 in exon 12. This case shows that patients with CHARGE syndrome caused by a CHD7 mutation may present with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, just like other dysmorphic syndromes genetically caused by aberrations in chromatin remodeling.


Subject(s)
CHARGE Syndrome/physiopathology , Congenital Hyperinsulinism/complications , Alleles , Blood Glucose/metabolism , CHARGE Syndrome/complications , CHARGE Syndrome/drug therapy , CHARGE Syndrome/genetics , Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly , DNA Helicases/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Diazoxide/therapeutic use , Exons , Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Hormone Replacement Therapy , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Insulin/blood , Male , Mutation , Phenotype
14.
Pediatr Int ; 58(7): 634-6, 2016 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27460399

ABSTRACT

Unrelated cord blood transplantation (CBT) was performed for the treatment of pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency in a female pediatric patient at the age of 1 year 7 months, who had been in severe and frequent transfusion-dependent hemolytic anemia, despite red blood cell (RBC) PK activity 5.52 IU/gHb. pyruvate kinase-liver and RBC (PK-LR) had a compound heterozygous mutation located on exon 8: c.1044G > T/c.1076G > A (K348N/R359H). Hemoglobin and RBC PK corrected to 13.5 g/dL and 9.00 IU/gHb, respectively, with gene correction at 6 months after CBT. CBT should be considered as an option for useful treatment in children with severe PK deficiency in the absence of HLA identical sibling with normal RBC PK activity.


Subject(s)
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/surgery , Erythrocytes/cytology , Fetal Blood/cytology , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Pyruvate Kinase/deficiency , Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/surgery , Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/blood , Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Infant , Pyruvate Kinase/blood , Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/blood , Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
15.
Early Hum Dev ; 99: 37-41, 2016 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27390110

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study investigated the effect of aminophylline on behaviour and autonomic function in the preterm period. METHOD: Subjects were preterm infants cared for in the Oita University hospital from August 2012 to October 2014. The group that was administered aminophylline (Am+) and the group that received no aminophylline (Am-) included 11 cases that exhibited a mean gestational age of 28weeks 5days and a mean birth weight of 1109g and 8 cases that exhibited a mean gestational age of 30weeks 5days and a mean birth weight of 1223g, respectively. Intravenous aminophylline was administered continuously at a dose of 4-6mg/kg/day followed by oral therapy when the infant suffered repetitive apnoea. Two-hour video recordings were obtained every 2weeks, and electrocardiograms were performed simultaneously. Onset-offset and tremulous movements in general movement (GM) optimality list were used as indices of behaviour. Autonomic functions were investigated via heart-rate and heart-rate variability measurements using frequency domain spectral analysis and the MemCalc method. We compared indices in 4 periods: 30-31, 32-33, 34-35 and 36-37weeks gestation. RESULTS: The Am+ group exhibited significantly low optimality of tremulous movements at 32-33weeks gestation. The autonomic parameters did not differ significantly between the Am+ and Am- groups. There was no significant correlation between GMs optimality score and serum theophylline concentration. CONCLUSION: Aminophylline administration was associated with transient irritable behaviour without autonomic changes in the preterm period.


Subject(s)
Aminophylline/adverse effects , Infant, Premature/physiology , Irritable Mood , Aminophylline/administration & dosage , Female , Heart Rate , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature/psychology , Male , Movement
16.
Pediatr Neurol ; 51(2): 259-61, 2014 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25079576

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are the first-line anticonvulsants for neonatal seizures. However, in immature brains, those drugs may lead to paradoxical neuronal excitation. PATIENT: A patient with benign familial neonatal epilepsy developed epileptic encephalopathy after massive doses of phenobarbital that were followed by a continuous infusion of midazolam on postnatal day 3. Electroencephalography revealed rhythmic delta activity in clusters with migrating epileptic foci. After discontinuation of both drugs, the patient's consciousness promptly improved and her electroencephalography normalized on postnatal day 5. RESULTS: This baby developed persistent electroencephalographic seizures due to massive doses of phenobarbital and midazolam. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware of this anticonvulsant-induced paradoxical neuronal excitation and the uncoupling phenomenon, especially in individuals with benign familial neonatal epilepsy, who have low seizure thresholds.


Subject(s)
Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal/drug therapy , GABA Modulators/adverse effects , Midazolam/adverse effects , Phenobarbital/adverse effects , Seizures/chemically induced , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal/genetics , Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Seizures/physiopathology
17.
Am J Med Genet A ; 161A(10): 2600-3, 2013 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23950000

ABSTRACT

A male infant, born at 32 weeks gestation by cesarean because of hydrops fetalis, presented with multiple anomalies, such as sparse and curly scalp hair, absent eyebrows, frontal bossing, an atrial septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis, and whole myocardial thickening. He was clinically diagnosed with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, and was confirmed to have a germline V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (BRAF) c.721 A>C mutation. At 1 month of age, he presented with a transient myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN), which improved within a month without the administration of antineoplastic agents. This is the first report of CFC syndrome with MDS/MPN. The coexistence of MDS/MPN may be related to this BRAF c.721 A>C mutation.


Subject(s)
Down Syndrome/complications , Ectodermal Dysplasia/complications , Ectodermal Dysplasia/genetics , Failure to Thrive/complications , Failure to Thrive/genetics , Germ-Line Mutation , Heart Defects, Congenital/complications , Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics , Leukemoid Reaction/complications , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Amino Acid Substitution , Codon , Down Syndrome/diagnosis , Ectodermal Dysplasia/diagnosis , Facies , Failure to Thrive/diagnosis , Genotype , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Leukemoid Reaction/diagnosis , Male , Phenotype
18.
Case Rep Ophthalmol ; 2(1): 73-7, 2011 Feb 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21475604

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: We present two patients who developed severe protrusion of the conjunctiva and chemosis secondary to Harlequin ichthyosis (HI). CASE REPORTS: Case 1 was a male infant diagnosed with HI who had parchment-like appearance and conjunctival protrusion with severe chemosis. Case 2 was a female infant on whom HI had been suspected before birth through ultrasonography. She showed thickened skin over the entire body and conjunctival protrusion with severe chemosis. For both cases, a vitamin A derivative was applied and the hyperkeratotic layer was peeled off every day. Great care was taken to sterilize and moisten the ocular surface. The conjunctival protrusion gradually improved and other systemic conditions were successfully treated. HI is a rare condition, but affected infants are surviving longer than previously and hence guidelines for ocular management are now required. CONCLUSIONS: Gentle and patient debridement of the hyperkeratotic skin and moisturizing were important in treating the unusual conjunctival protrusion.

19.
Nutrition ; 27(10): 998-1001, 2011 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21288691

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Gangliosides are present in high concentrations in the nervous tissue, and some are observed in small amounts in many extraneural tissues and body fluids. Human milk may play important roles in energy supplementation, prophylaxis of infection, and brain development. For preterm infants, human milk gangliosides are also very important substances during the early lactation stage. However, there are no data on human milk gangliosides from mothers at preterm delivery. We investigated the characterization of gangliosides and chronologic changes in human preterm milk earlier than 30 wk of gestation from 1 to 60 d after birth. METHODS: Forty-one samples were analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and a microtechnique using 1 mL of milk from each lactation and compared with 61 full-term human milk samples. RESULTS: Total lipid-bound sialic acid of human milk gangliosides after preterm delivery showed a peak concentration at 2 to 3 d postpartum and then remained at a high concentration until approximately 10 d. GD3 was the major ganglioside in the colostrum until approximately 7 to 10 d postpartum. GM3 was scarcely detected until 7 d postpartum and then increased gradually. There was no difference in the GD3 concentration per 1 mL of human milk between preterm and full-term human milk until approximately 5 to 8 d postpartum. After that time, the GD3 concentration decreased sharply. In contrast, the total concentrations of GM3 per 1 mL of human milk from mothers after preterm delivery were lower than those from mothers after full-term delivery throughout the entire period examined. CONCLUSION: This finding is essential to elucidate the composition of human milk gangliosides after preterm delivery, which may contribute to the analysis of the physiologic composition and formulation appropriate preterm infant nutrition.


Subject(s)
Colostrum/chemistry , Gangliosides/analysis , Lactation , Milk, Human/chemistry , N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/analysis , Pregnancy , Premature Birth , Adult , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Female , Humans , Postpartum Period , Young Adult
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