ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial agents are essential for controlling bacterial disease in food-producing animals and contribute to the stable production of safe animal products. The use of antimicrobial agents in these animals affects the emergence and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from animals and animal products. As disease-causing bacteria are often transferred from food-producing animals to humans, the food chain is considered a route of transmission for the resistant bacteria and/or resistance genes. The Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSC) has been assessing the risk posed to human health by the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from livestock products via the food chain. In addition to the FSC's risk assessments, the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has developed risk-management guidelines to determine feasible risk-management options for the use of antimicrobial veterinary medicinal products during farming practices. This report includes information on risk assessment and novel approaches for risk management of antimicrobial veterinary medicinal products for mitigating the risk of development and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria originating from food-producing animals in Japan.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Food Microbiology/legislation & jurisprudence , Foodborne Diseases/microbiology , Guidelines as Topic , Meat/microbiology , Animals , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Food Chain , Food Safety , Government Agencies , Humans , Japan , Livestock , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Risk Management , Veterinary MedicineABSTRACT
A reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for determination of metoclopramide (MCP) in bovine and swine muscle, liver, kidney, fat and intestine. MCP was extracted from samples with acetonitrile, and the extracts were cleaned up on an Oasis HLB cartridge (60 mg) after liquid-liquid extraction. The limit of detection of MCP was 0.002 microg/g and the limit of quantitation was 0.007 microg/g. Recoveries of MCP spiked at 0.03 ppm ranged from 74.1 to 93.3% for bovine tissues and from 86.1 to 92.7% for swine tissues. The present method was used for the analysis of bovine and swine tissues 1 day after withdrawal following drug administration. The MCP concentrations in all tissues were lower than the Japanese provisional MRLs.
Subject(s)
Antiemetics/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Drug Residues/analysis , Food Analysis/methods , Meat/analysis , Metoclopramide/administration & dosage , Metoclopramide/analysis , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animals , Antiemetics/administration & dosage , Cattle , Female , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Kidney/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Swine , Time Factors , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
A newly developed HPLC method for determination of glycarbylamide (GB) in chicken liver was applied to other tissues (muscle, fat and kidney). The recoveries of GB in muscle, fat and kidney were 87.2% (CV 0.5), 91.3% (CV 4.7), 79.7% (CV 1.0), respectively. The detection limit of GB was 0.01 ppm. GB concentrations were determined by this method in tissues (muscle, fat, liver and kidney) from chickens sacrificed 5 days after oral administration of GB mixed in feed at 60 mg/kg of feed for 7 days. GB was not detected in these chicken tissues.
