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1.
Nutrients ; 14(23)2022 Nov 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36501088

ABSTRACT

Phase angle (PhA) levels are often lower than normal because both disease-specific parameters and disease-related inflammatory status, metabolic syndrome (MetS) included, can affect PhA. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare body composition, metabolic profile and dietary patterns of participants with arterial hypertension (AH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and MetS with regard to PhA values. A total of 208 participants were included, of whom 53.6% were males. For each participant, data about body composition and anthropometric parameters, clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS) were obtained. MC-780 Multi Frequency Segmental Body Mass Analyzer (Tanita) was used to assess body composition. Furthermore, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The results showed that 75 (36.06%) participants had low PhA values and 133 (63.94%) had high PhA values. Participants with higher PhA values had significantly higher body fat percentage (p = 0.04), fat-free mass (kg; p < 0.001), muscle mass (kg; p < 0.001), skeletal muscle mass (% and kg; p < 0.001), sarcopenic index (SMI; p < 0.001) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC; p = 0.04), as well as lower fat mass percentage (p = 0.04). Regarding food frequency consumption, significantly higher intakes of red meat (p = 0.003), poultry (p = 0.02) and fast food (p = 0.003) were noticed in participants with higher PhA values. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) was exceptionally low in both groups of participants, with significantly higher fish intake noticed in participants with high PhA (p = 0.03). In conclusion, our results showed that body composition could be the indicator of PhA in MetS as well as overall low adherence to the MeDi principles. These findings highlight the importance of adequate nutritional strategies and novel approaches to maintaining optimal body composition and adopting proper eating habits within the framework of one's disease.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hypertension , Metabolic Syndrome , Male , Humans , Female , Cross-Sectional Studies , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Feeding Behavior , Body Composition/physiology , Hypertension/complications , Body Mass Index , Waist Circumference
2.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35206484

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the Mediterranean diet has emerged as one of the dietary patterns that could have positive effects on overall health as well in the treatment of non-communicable chronic diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine differences in adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and nutritional status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and arterial hypertension (AH) regarding the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Two hundred and forty-eight Dalmatian diabetic hypertensive patients (DDHP) were included, and 164 (66.1%) of them had CKD. Data about anthropometric parameters, clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as lifestyle questionnaire and Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS) were collected for each study participant. Furthermore, body composition was assessed using MC-780 Multi Frequency Segmental Body Mass Analyzer (Tanita). Body mass index (BMI) as well as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. Results showed that only 8.9% of DDHP were adherent to the MeDi without significant differences regarding the presence of CKD. Therefore, only 9.1% of participants with CKD were adherent to the MeDi. Dietary recommendations were received by 52.8% of DDHP and 49.4% with CKD, while only 12.8% of those with CKD were adherent to the given recommendations. The results showed that 88.3% of DDHP and 87.8% of the DDHP with CKD were overweight or obese. Statically significant lower frequency of nut intake suggested by the MeDi was found in those participants with CKD (p = 0.02). Therefore, the significant associations between adherence to each MeDi component as well as MDSS score with the development of CKD among all study subjects were not found. In conclusion, the results showed a low level of nutritional care in our region and low adherence to MeDi among DDHP. According to the results, there is an urgent need to improve nutritional care in our region, with a special focus on the MeDi for this especially vulnerable population of patients.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diet, Mediterranean , Hypertension , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Humans , Hypertension/epidemiology , Nutritional Status , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology
3.
Nutrients ; 13(12)2021 Nov 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34959811

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a rapidly growing problem in European countries, Croatia being among them. According to the latest CroCOSI data, every third child in Croatia aged 8.0-8.9 years is overweight or obese. The Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and its impact on nutritional status and health has been the focus of recent research. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional, observational study was to determine the nutritional status and adherence to the MeDi of preschool children in Split, Croatia. We included 598 preschool children aged 3 to 7 years and, for each child, parents completed a lifestyle questionnaire and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) in order to assess adherence to the MeDi. The anthropometric assessment included the measurement of weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference (WC) and the z-score was calculated. According to the z-score, 420 (70.2%) children had a healthy body weight with 54 (9%) underweight and 124 (20.8%) overweight or obese children. Almost half (49%) of the study participants had a low KIDMED index score, indicating a low MeDi adherence, 37% had an average score, while only 14% had high MeDi compliance. Statistically significant negative correlations between MUAC and WC and the consumption of a second daily serving of fruit (p = 0.04) as well as a daily serving of vegetables (p = 0.03) were found. In conclusion, low compliance to the MeDi principles in preschool children is concerning. Considering the beneficial effects of the MeDi on overall health, further education, and the adoption of healthy eating habits in preschool children in this Mediterranean region are required.


Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Diet, Mediterranean/statistics & numerical data , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Nutritional Status/physiology , Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control , Child , Child, Preschool , Croatia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Feeding Behavior , Female , Humans , Life Style , Male , Nutrition Policy , Parents , Surveys and Questionnaires , Waist Circumference
4.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 84(9)2018 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29500265

ABSTRACT

Inulin-type fructans (ITF) and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) are broken down to different extents by various bifidobacterial strains present in the human colon. To date, phenotypic heterogeneity in the consumption of these complex oligosaccharides at the strain level remains poorly studied. To examine mechanistic variations in ITF and AXOS constituent preferences present in one individual, ITF and AXOS consumption by bifidobacterial strains isolated from the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME) after inoculation with feces from one healthy individual was investigated. Among the 18 strains identified, four species-independent clusters displaying different ITF and AXOS degradation mechanisms and preferences were found. Bifidobacterium bifidum B46 showed limited growth on all substrates, whereas B. longum B24 and B. longum B18 could grow better on short-chain-length fractions of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) than on fructose. B. longum B24 could cleave arabinose substituents of AXOS extracellularly, without using the AXOS-derived xylose backbones, whereas B. longum B18 was able to consume oligosaccharides (up to xylotetraose) preferentially and consumed AXOS to a limited extent. B. adolescentis B72 degraded all fractions of FOS simultaneously, partially degraded inulin, and could use xylose backbones longer than xylotetraose extracellularly. The strain-specific degradation mechanisms were suggested to be complementary and indicated resource partitioning. Specialization in the degradation of complex carbohydrates by bifidobacteria present on the individual level could have in vivo implications for the successful implementation of ITF and AXOS, aiming at bifidogenic and/or butyrogenic effects. Finally, this work shows the importance of taking microbial strain-level differences into account in gut microbiota research.IMPORTANCE It is well known that bifidobacteria degrade undigestible complex polysaccharides, such as ITF and AXOS, in the human colon. However, this process has never been studied for strains coexisting in the same individual. To examine strain-dependent mechanistic variations in ITF and AXOS constituent preferences present in one individual, ITF and AXOS consumption by bifidobacterial strains isolated from the SHIME after inoculation with feces from one healthy individual was investigated. Among the 18 bifidobacterial strains identified, four species-independent clusters displaying different ITF and AXOS degradation mechanisms and preferences were found, indicating that such strains can coexist in the human colon. Such specialization in the degradation of complex carbohydrates by bifidobacteria present on the individual level could have in vivo implications for the successful implementation of ITF and AXOS, aiming at bifidogenic and/or butyrogenic effects.


Subject(s)
Bifidobacterium/metabolism , Inulin/metabolism , Microbial Interactions , Xylans/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , Colon/microbiology , Humans , Oligosaccharides/metabolism
5.
Front Microbiol ; 7: 979, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27446020

ABSTRACT

With the increasing amount of evidence linking certain disorders of the human body to a disturbed gut microbiota, there is a growing interest for compounds that positively influence its composition and activity through diet. Besides the consumption of probiotics to stimulate favorable bacterial communities in the human gastrointestinal tract, prebiotics such as inulin-type fructans (ITF) and arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) can be consumed to increase the number of bifidobacteria in the colon. Several functions have been attributed to bifidobacteria, encompassing degradation of non-digestible carbohydrates, protection against pathogens, production of vitamin B, antioxidants, and conjugated linoleic acids, and stimulation of the immune system. During life, the numbers of bifidobacteria decrease from up to 90% of the total colon microbiota in vaginally delivered breast-fed infants to <5% in the colon of adults and they decrease even more in that of elderly as well as in patients with certain disorders such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, allergies, and regressive autism. It has been suggested that the bifidogenic effects of ITF and AXOS are the result of strain-specific yet complementary carbohydrate degradation mechanisms within cooperating bifidobacterial consortia. Except for a bifidogenic effect, ITF and AXOS also have shown to cause a butyrogenic effect in the human colon, i.e., an enhancement of colon butyrate production. Butyrate is an essential metabolite in the human colon, as it is the preferred energy source for the colon epithelial cells, contributes to the maintenance of the gut barrier functions, and has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown that the butyrogenic effects of ITF and AXOS are the result of cross-feeding interactions between bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (clostridial cluster IV) and Anaerostipes, Eubacterium, and Roseburia species (clostridial cluster XIVa). These kinds of interactions possibly favor the co-existence of bifidobacterial strains with other bifidobacteria and with butyrate-producing colon bacteria in the human colon.

6.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol ; 100(9): 4097-107, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26861055

ABSTRACT

Inulin-type fructans (ITF) are known to cause a health-promoting bifidogenic effect, although the ITF degradation capacity of bifidobacteria in different intestinal regions remains unclear. The present study aims at offering new insights into this link, making use of a collection of 190 bifidobacterial strains, encompassing strains from gut biopsies (terminal ileum and proximal colon; mucosa-associated strains) and the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®; proximal and distal colon vessels; lumen-associated strains). A multivariate data analysis of all fermentation data revealed four clusters corresponding with different types of ITF degradation fingerprints, which were not correlated with the region in the intestine, suggesting that the degradation of ITF is uniform along the human intestine. Strains from cluster 1 consumed fructose, while strains from cluster 2 consumed more oligofructose than fructose. Higher fructose and oligofructose consumption was characteristic for clusters 3 and 4 strains, which degraded inulin too. In general, the mucosa-associated strains from biopsy origin seemed to be more specialized in the consumption of fructose and oligofructose, while the lumen-associated strains from SHIME origin displayed a higher degradation degree of inulin. Further, intra-species variability in ITF degradation was found, indicating strain-specific variations. The coexistence of different bifidobacterial strains with different ITF degradation fingerprints within the same intestinal region suggests cooperation for the degradation of ITF, with opportunities for cross-feeding on strain and/or species level.


Subject(s)
Bifidobacterium/metabolism , Fructans/metabolism , Intestines/microbiology , Fermentation , Humans
7.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 80(1): 204-17, 2014 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24141124

ABSTRACT

Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) are prebiotic carbohydrates with promising health-promoting properties that stimulate the activity of specific colon bacteria, in particular bifidobacteria. However, the mechanisms by which bifidobacterial strains break down these compounds in the colon is still unknown. This study investigates AXOS consumption of a large number of bifidobacterial strains (36), belonging to 11 different species, systematically. To determine their degradation mechanisms, all strains were grown on a mixture of arabinose and xylose, xylo-oligosaccharides, and complex AXOS molecules as the sole added energy sources. Based on principal component and cluster analyses of their different arabinose substituent and/or xylose backbone consumption patterns, five clusters that were species independent could be distinguished among the bifidobacterial strains tested. In parallel, the strains were screened for the presence of genes encoding several putative AXOS-degrading enzymes, but no clear-cut correlation could be made with the different degradation mechanisms. The intra- and interspecies differences in the consumption patterns of AXOS indicate that bifidobacterial strains could avoid competition among each other or even could cooperate jointly to degrade these complex prebiotics. The knowledge gained on the AXOS degradation mechanisms in bifidobacteria can be of importance in the rational design of prebiotics with tailor-made composition and thus increased specificity in the colon.


Subject(s)
Bifidobacterium/metabolism , Oligosaccharides/metabolism , Xylans/metabolism , Bifidobacterium/enzymology , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Energy Metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Xylosidases/genetics , Xylosidases/metabolism
8.
Anal Chem ; 85(10): 4982-90, 2013 May 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23541153

ABSTRACT

Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) are a new class of prebiotics with promising health-promoting characteristics. However, the mechanism by which bacteria break down these compounds in the colon is still uncharacterized, due to their structural complexity. A new analytical method that offers structural information was developed to characterize AXOS degradation during fermentation. The method was based on the simultaneous determination of arabinose, xylose, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), and AXOS by applying high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. To study the structural features of AXOS in solution without the use of spectroscopic techniques or standards, enzymatic-based reference degradation chromatograms were generated based on enzymes with known specificity. The new method for fingerprinting showed to be a powerful and fast tool to study AXOS degradation with high repeatability with respect to peak area, peak width at half height, and retention time (respective relative standard deviations of ≤3.1%, 2.8%, and 0.8%). This method was successfully applied to study the degradation kinetics of AXOS in a complex fermentation medium by Bifidobacterium longum LMG 11047. The results showed that this strain could use both the arabinose side chains and xylose backbones up to xylotetraose. The characterization of the degradation abilities of AXOS by colon bacteria will allow a better understanding of the beneficial effects of these prebiotics. Furthermore, if the appropriate enzymes are available to design the reference degradation chromatograms, this new method for the qualitative fingerprinting of AXOS breakdown can also be applied for the breakdown of other complex oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.


Subject(s)
Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods , Culture Media , Fermentation , Oligosaccharides/isolation & purification , Oligosaccharides/metabolism , Prebiotics/microbiology , Xylans/chemistry , Bifidobacterium/growth & development , Bifidobacterium/metabolism , Electrochemistry , Oligosaccharides/chemistry , Reproducibility of Results , Time Factors
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