ABSTRACT
The pathogenic mechanisms of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), an increasingly recognized, immune-mediated form of chronic pancreatitis, have so far remained elusive. Treatment options for AIP are currently limited and disease relapse is frequent. Still, AIP can be characterized by specific clinical and histologic features. It has turned out that as described in other autoimmune diseases the generation of tertiary lymphoid organs is also a hallmark of patients with AIP. We have recently demonstrated that pancreata derived from human AIP patients display overexpression of lymphotoxin (LT) α and ß and LTßR-target genes expressed by immune cells but also by irradiation resistant cells of the pancreas (e.g. acinar cells). Expression of LT α and ß on acinar cells in murine pancreata Tg(Ela1-Lta,b) mice led to chronic pancreatitis and sufficed to reproduce key features of human AIP including the development of autoimmunity and AIP associated secondary extra pancreatic pathologies. Here, we review how aberrant and ectopic expression of LT α and ß can induce inflammation and autoimmune diseases in general and how this knowledge might specifically lead to an alternative treatment for patients suffering from autoimmune pancreatitis.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Lymphotoxin-alpha/immunology , Pancreas/pathology , Pancreatitis/immunology , Animals , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology , Humans , Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/genetics , Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/immunology , Lymphotoxin-alpha/biosynthesis , Mice , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Pancreas/immunology , Signal Transduction/immunology , Sjogren's Syndrome/immunologyABSTRACT
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) production at mucosal surfaces contributes to protection against pathogens and controls intestinal microbiota composition. However, mechanisms regulating IgA induction are not completely defined. We show that soluble lymphotoxin α (sLTα3) produced by RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) controls T cell-dependent IgA induction in the lamina propria via regulation of T cell homing to the gut. By contrast, membrane-bound lymphotoxin ß (LTα1ß2) produced by RORγt(+) ILCs is critical for T cell-independent IgA induction in the lamina propria via control of dendritic cell functions. Ablation of LTα in RORγt(+) cells abrogated IgA production in the gut and altered microbiota composition. Thus, soluble and membrane-bound lymphotoxins produced by ILCs distinctly organize adaptive immune responses in the gut and control commensal microbiota composition.
Subject(s)
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology , Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology , Intestine, Small/immunology , Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , Lymphotoxin-alpha/immunology , Microbiota/physiology , Adaptive Immunity , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Dendritic Cells/metabolism , Homeostasis , Immunity, Innate , Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis , Immunoglobulin Class Switching , Intestine, Small/microbiology , Lymph Nodes/immunology , Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism , Lymphotoxin-alpha/metabolism , Lymphotoxin-beta/immunology , Lymphotoxin-beta/metabolism , Mice , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolismSubject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Lymphoid Tissue/embryology , Lymphotoxin-alpha/metabolism , Organogenesis , Precancerous Conditions/metabolism , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Animals , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Humans , Inflammation/metabolism , Inflammation/pathology , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Lymphoid Tissue/pathology , Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/metabolism , Male , Mice , NF-kappa B , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
The MAP3-kinase TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) critically modulates innate and adaptive immune responses and connects cytokine stimulation with activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Here, we report that conditional ablation of TAK1 in liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes and cholangiocytes) causes hepatocyte dysplasia and early-onset hepatocarcinogenesis, coinciding with biliary ductopenia and cholestasis. TAK1-mediated cancer suppression is exerted through activating NF-kappaB in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and through preventing Caspase-3-dependent hepatocyte and cholangiocyte apoptosis. Moreover, TAK1 suppresses a procarcinogenic and pronecrotic pathway, which depends on NF-kappaB-independent functions of the I kappaB-kinase (IKK)-subunit NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO). Therefore, TAK1 serves as a gatekeeper for a protumorigenic, NF-kappaB-independent function of NEMO in parenchymal liver cells.
