ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of shisha smoking on endothelial function compared to cigarettes, using brachial artery ultrasound (BAUS) imaging in asymptomatic young adults with no other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: This is an observational case-control study where 30 young shisha smokers, 30 cigarette smokers and 10 healthy, non-smokers, age- matched subjects between 25-35 years old with no cardiovascular risk factors were recruited from all around Egypt. Flow-mediated dilation was assessed using brachial artery duplex ultrasonography. RESULTS: FMD% was significantly impaired among shisha smokers compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers cigarettes (7.9 ± 3.8% vs. 12 ± 3.4% and 21.5 ± 2.5% respectively p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Shisha smoking has a more hazardous effect on brachial artery endothelial- dependent flow mediated vasodilation compared to cigarette.
Subject(s)
Arteriosclerosis/etiology , Brachial Artery/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Smoking/adverse effects , Adult , Brachial Artery/diagnostic imaging , Brachial Artery/physiopathology , Case-Control Studies , Endothelium, Vascular/diagnostic imaging , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Regional Blood Flow , Tobacco Products , Ultrasonography, Doppler, DuplexABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of shisha smoking on the extent of coronary artery disease. METHODS: Patients who underwent coronary angiography were included in this observational cohort study and were divided to four groups according to the smoking pattern: shisha smokers, cigarettes smokers, mixed smokers (shisha and cigarettes) and non-smokers. Coronary angiography was done and the severity of coronary artery disease was defined according to Duke Jeopardy Score (DJ). RESULTS: The study comprised of 287 consecutive patients; 22% were shisha smokers, 35% cigarette smokers, 5% mixed smokers and 38% non-smokers. Significant elevation of systolic blood pressure (p=0.009) and heart rate (p<0.001) were observed among mixed smokers followed by shisha smokers, cigarettes smokers and non-smokers respectively. The mean value of DJ score was highest among shisha smokers than mixed smokers, cigarettes smokers and non-smokers respectively (p=0.012). We also compared DJ score in shisha smokers with CAD vs non-shisha smokers with CAD and we found that 71.43% of shisha smokers had an advanced DJ score (>6) which was statistically significant (p=0.008) where shisha smokers showed significantly higher resting pulse (p<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (p=0.001) compared to non-shisha smokers and mean DJ score was significantly higher among shisha smokers (6.961±3.238) vs non-shisha smokers (5.762±3.062) (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: Shisha smoking is associated with severe coronary artery disease that calls for the need to enroll them in tobacco cessation courses.
