Impacts of Heterogeneous Chemistry on Vertical Profiles of Martian Ozone.

We show a positive vertical correlation between ozone and water ice using a vertical cross-correlation analysis with observations from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery instrument. This is particularly apparent during L S = 0°-180°, Mars Year 35 at high southern latitudes, when the water vapor abundance is low. Ozone and water vapor are anti-correlated on Mars; Clancy et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.11.016) also discuss the anti-correlation between ozone and water ice. However, our simulations with gas-phase-only chemistry using a 1-D model show that ozone concentration is not influenced by water ice. Heterogeneous chemistry has been proposed as a mechanism to explain the underprediction of ozone in global climate models (GCMs) through the removal of HO x . We find improving the heterogeneous chemical scheme by creating a separate tracer for the HO x adsorbed state, causes ozone abundance to increase when water ice is present (30-50 km), better matching observed trends. When water vapor abundance is high, there is no consistent vertical correlation between observed ozone and water ice and, in simulated scenarios, the heterogeneous chemistry has a minor influence on ozone. HO x , which are by-products of water vapor, dominate ozone abundance, masking the effects of heterogeneous chemistry on ozone, and making adsorption of HO x have a negligible impact on ozone. This is consistent with gas-phase-only modeled ozone, showing good agreement with observations when water vapor is abundant. Overall, the inclusion of heterogeneous chemistry improves the ozone vertical structure in regions of low water vapor abundance, which may partially explain GCM ozone deficits.

An in vitro model fails to demonstrate aerosolization of tumor cells.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the ability of pressurized CO2 gas to aerosolize B16 melanoma (B16) tumor cells in an in vitro model. METHODS: The experimental apparatus consisted of an 18.9-L plastic cylindrical vessel and a compliant latex pouch was attached to the top. Two 5-mm ports penetrated the vessel; insufflation and desufflation were carried out through them. A culture dish containing 20 million B16 cells in liquid culture media was placed at the base within the container. In the first experiment, the vessel was insufflated with CO2 gas to a static pressure of 15 or 30 mm Hg with the outflow port closed. After 10 min, the outflow port was opened and the gas was desufflated through a collecting device containing sterile culture medium. In a second experiment, a continuous flow of CO2 through the vessel was maintained after a pressure of 15 or 30 mm Hg was established. A total of 10 L CO2 was cycled through the vessel. In both experiments, 24 determinations were carried out at each pressure. Each experimental culture dish was microscopically scanned for 2 weeks for the presence of tumor cells. The third and fourth experiments tested for the presence of aerosolized nonviable tumor cells in the expelled gas. Using the model described above, after 10 mins of 30 mm Hg static pressure, the CO2 gas was expelled directly onto a glass slide and cytofixed. Alternately, after 10 mins at 30 mm Hg static pressure, the gas was expelled through a saline-filled Soluset (Abbott Laboratories), centrifuged, and the residue cytofixed onto a glass slide. Each of the five slides per experiment were examined microscopically for the presence of cells. RESULTS: In the first and second experiments, no cells or growth were observed in any of the 96 experimental dishes. In experiments three and four, no cells were detected on any of the slides. CONCLUSIONS: It was not possible with this model to aerosolize tumor cells in a pressurized CO2 environment. Our results suggest that aerosolization of tumor cells is not the mechanism of port site recurrences after laparoscopic surgery for malignant disease.

Laparoscopic treatment of a benign splenic cyst.

With an understanding of the spleen's important immunologic function, splenectomy for benign splenic disorders has given way to a variety of splenic conservation techniques. Treatment options for benign nonparasitic splenic cysts include partial splenectomy, total cystectomy, or partial cyst decapsulation. External cyst wall decapsulation is a simplified operative procedure that carries no increased risk of cyst recurrence. However, a conventional upper abdominal laparotomy may subject patients to significant morbidity. We successfully performed a laparoscopic partial cyst decapsulation, achieving meticulous hemostasis with use of a laparoscopic-GIA stapling device. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged on postoperative day 2. Follow-up has demonstrated no evidence of recurrent cyst formation.

Trocar site recurrence is unlikely to result from aerosolization of tumor cells.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of a high-pressure CO2 environment to aerosolize tumor cells in both in vitro and in vivo models. (An aerosol is defined as a stable gaseous suspension of insoluble particles). Also, this study was designed to determine if rapid desufflation is capable of transporting fluid laden with tumor cells. METHODS: The four in vitro aerosol experiments were performed in an 18.9-1 plastic vessel fitted with two 7-mm ports and a compliant latex balloon affixed to the top. After CO2 insufflation, the vessel was desufflated through a sterile soluset containing 25 ml of culture media that was subsequently emptied into a culture dish, incubated for two weeks, and periodically assessed for growth. At the bottom of the vessel, one of the following was placed: Study 1 and 2, a suspension of B16 melanoma or colon 26 tumor cells in liquid culture media; Study 3, colon 26 cells in saline solution; Study 4, several pieces of solid colon 26 tumor. In Studies 1 to 3, cell preparations were subjected to the following high-pressure CO2 conditions (pneumo): 1) static pneumo of 15 and 30 mmHg (10 minute dwell); 2) a continuous flow (CF) of CO2 (1O l) while maintaining a pressure of 15 or 30 mmHg in the vessel. In Study 4, only the 30 mmHg static and CF conditions were tested. Between 6 and 12 determinations were performed for each condition and cell preparation. In vivo aerosol experiments consisted of Spraque Dawley rats that received intraperitoneal injections of 10-5 B16 cells in 0.1 ml of liquid media. Two laparoscopic ports were placed in the abdomen, one each for insufflation and desufflation. Study groups were: 1, static CO2 pneumo of 15 mmHg; 2 and 3, continuous CO2 flow (10 l) at a stable pneumo pressure of 5 and 10 mmHg. Desufflation was performed via the same collecting device and handled in an identical manner to the in vitro experiments described above. The in vitro balloon experiment was designed to investigate the ability of desufflation to transport fluid-containing tumor cells; latex balloon model was used. To prevent complete loss of volume on desufflation, a wire coil was placed inside the balloon. Twenty ml of media containing 20 x 10(-6) B16 cells was placed in the bottom of the balloon. The balloon was insufflated with 1 to 2 l of gas. There were three study groups that differed in the degree to which the cell suspension was agitated before desufflation. Study conditions were as follows: 1) no agitation; 2) moderate agitation to coat the lower walls and coil; 3) maximum agitation to coat the entire balloon. To verify the viability of tumor cells, at the end of each in vitro and in vivo study, a sample of tumor cells or peritoneal washing was incubated in sterile media. These samples served as positive controls. RESULTS: In vitro aerosol studies consisted of the following. At the end of two weeks of incubation, no tumor growth was noted in any of the 124 test dishes. The 14 control samples all demonstrated tumor growth. In vivo aerosol studies consisted of the following. Zero of 18 experimental dishes grew tumor. All three peritoneal washing samples demonstrated growth. In vitro balloon studies consisted of the following. Zero of 12 test dishes in Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated growth, whereas five of six dishes did so in Group 3 (maximally agitated before desufflation). Again, positive controls all grew tumor cells. SUMMARY: We were unable to demonstrate aerosol formation in any of the in vitro and in vivo studies performed. In the balloon experiment, desufflation-related transport of tumor cells was demonstrated but only when the entire balloon surface was coated with the tumor cell suspension before desufflation. CONCLUSION: Aerosols of tumor cells are not likely to form. Free intraperitoneal tumor cells are most likely found in liquid suspension. Desufflation is a potential means of transport of cell-laden fluid.