Nanobiosensors based on on-site detection approaches for rapid pesticide sensing in the agricultural arena: A systematic review of the current status and perspectives.

The extensive use of chemical pesticides has significantly boosted agricultural food crop yields. Nevertheless, their excessive and unregulated application has resulted in food contamination and pollution in environmental, aquatic, and agricultural ecosystems. Consequently, the on-site monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural practices is paramount to safeguard global food and conservational safety. Traditional pesticide detection methods are cumbersome and ill-suited for on-site pesticide finding. The systematic review provides an in-depth analysis of the current status and perspectives of nanobiosensors (NBS) for pesticide detection in the agricultural arena. Furthermore, the study encompasses the fundamental principles of NBS, the various transduction mechanisms employed, and their incorporation into on-site detection platforms. Conversely, the assortment of transduction mechanisms, including optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric tactics, is deliberated in detail, emphasizing its advantages and limitations in pesticide perception. Incorporating NBS into on-site detection platforms confirms a vital feature of their pertinence. The evaluation reflects the integration of NBS into lab-on-a-chip systems, handheld devices, and wireless sensor networks, permitting real-time monitoring and data-driven decision-making in agronomic settings. The potential for robotics and automation in pesticide detection is also scrutinized, highlighting their role in improving competence and accuracy. Finally, this systematic review provides a complete understanding of the current landscape of NBS for on-site pesticide sensing. Consequently, we anticipate that this review offers valuable insights that could form the foundation for creating innovative NBS applicable in various fields such as materials science, nanoscience, food technology and environmental science.

Molecular characterization of recent HoBi-like pestivirus isolates from cattle showing mucosal disease-like signs in India reveals emergence of a novel genetic lineage.

Natural infections with HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) have been detected in cattle in South America, Europe and Asia with a range of clinical manifestations including fatal mucosal disease (MD). In India, although HoBiPeV in cattle has been reported, there is no information on currently circulating HoBiPeV strains and associated severe clinical disease. Between September 2018 and December 2019, suspected cases of bovine viral diarrhoea with severe disease in cattle were noticed in farmers' small holdings in Tamil Nadu State. To determine the extent of pestivirus infection, blood, serum, nasal or oral swab samples of 46 cattle from 18 villages were tested. Based on the real-time RT-PCR, antigen ELISA and nucleotide sequencing results, pestivirus was detected in nine cattle from eight villages in two districts and all pestiviruses were identified as HoBiPeV. All nine HoBiPeV-infected cattle displayed clinical signs resembling MD and HoBiPeV isolates (n = 9) obtained were characterized at genetic and antigenic level. Phylogenetic analyses based on 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR), Npro and combined 5'-UTR-Npro gene sequences revealed that eight HoBiPeV isolates clustered into a clade, distinct from all reported HoBiPeV clades (a-d), whereas one belonged to HoBiPeV-d clade, thus providing evidence of emergence of a novel HoBiPeV clade (e). This was also supported by HoBiPeV-e clade-specific amino acid substitutions in Npro and the antigenic reactivity patterns. The study demonstrates the existence and independent evolution of five HoBiPeV clades (four main clades) globally and surprisingly three exclusive to India. Also we confirm first HoBiPeV occurrence in southern India with predominant prevalence of HoBiPeV-e strains. Besides demonstrating increased HoBiPeV genetic diversity, here we show association of HoBiPeV with severe clinical disease involving fatalities highlighting impact of HoBiPeV on cattle health. The emergence of a novel HoBiPeV lineage provides new insights on global HoBiPeV epidemiology and genetic diversity reiterating the need for continuous monitoring of HoBiPeV in India.

Protective Effects of 7-Hydroxycoumarin on Dyslipidemia and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats.

This study evaluates the protective effects of 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC) on dyslipidemia and cardiac hypertrophy in isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Rats were pre- and co treated with 7-HC (16 mg/kg) daily for 8 days. ISO (100 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into rats on seventh and eighth days to induce MI. Increased activity/levels of serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), troponin-T, plasma lipid peroxidation products, and altered levels of lipids in the serum and heart and serum lipoproteins were noted in ISO-induced rats. ISO-induced myocardial infarcted rats revealed increased hypertrophy (cardiac and left ventricular) and hepatic 3-hydroxyl 3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) activity. Pre and cotreatment with 7-HC revealed significant protective effects on all the biochemical parameters evaluated. The in vitro study demonstrated its free radical scavenging property. Thus, 7-HC protects ISO-induced MI in rats by its free radical scavenging and antihyperlipidaemic and antihypertrophic properties.

Activation of ß1-adrenoceptor triggers oxidative stress mediated myocardial membrane destabilization in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats: 7-hydroxycoumarin and its counter action.

Activation of ß1-adrenoceptor stimulates myocardial membrane destabilization in isoproterenol induced rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pre and co-treated with 7-hydroxycoumarin (16mg/kg body weight) daily for 8 days. Myocardial infarction was induced into rats by the subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol (100mg/kg body weight) at an interval of 24h daily for a period of two days (7th and 8th day). The levels/activities of serum cardiac troponin-T, lactate dehydrogenase and the concentrations of heart lipid peroxidation products were significantly increased and the antioxidant status was significantly decreased in isoproterenol induced rats. Furthermore, the activity of sodium/potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was significantly decreased and the activities of calcium and magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatases were significantly increased in the heart of isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. Isoproterenol induced rats also revealed increased concentrations of sodium and calcium and decreased concentrations of potassium in the heart. 7-hydroxycoumarin pre- and co-treatment showed considerable impact on all biochemical parameters assessed. Also, 7-HC greatly reduced the infarct size of the myocardium. The in vitro study confirmed its potent free radical scavenging activity. Thus, the present study revealed that 7-HC attenuates myocardial membrane destabilization by reinstating the activities/levels of adenosine triphosphatases and minerals in isoproterenol induced rats by inhibiting oxidative stress. These effects are attributed to the membrane stabilizing and free radical scavenging properties of 7-hydroxycoumarin.

Thymol attenuates inflammation in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats by inhibiting the release of lysosomal enzymes and downregulating the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines.

Inflammation plays an important role in the development of myocardial infarction (MI). The current study dealt with the protective effects of thymol on inflammation in isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarcted rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pre and co-treated with thymol (7.5mg/kg body weight) daily for 7 days. ISO (100mg/kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously into rats at an interval of 24h for two days (6th and 7th day) to induce MI. ISO induced myocardial infarcted rats showed increased levels of serum cardiac troponin-T, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lysosomal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and elevated ST-segments. Also, the activities of lysosomal enzymes such as ß-glucuronidase, ß-galactosidase, cathepsin-B and D, the stimulators of inflammatory mediators were increased in the serum and heart of ISO induced myocardial infarcted rats. Furthermore, ISO up regulates the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) genes in the myocardium of rats analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pre and co-treatment with thymol (7.5mg/kg body weight) near normalized the levels of lysosomal TBARS, activities of serum and heart lysosomal enzymes and downregulates the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the myocardium of ISO induced myocardial infarcted rats. Histopathological and transmission electron microscopic findings were also found in line with biochemical findings. Thus, the results of our study revealed that thymol attenuates inflammation by inhibiting the release of lysosomal enzymes and downregulates the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines by its potent anti-inflammatory effect.

Efficacy of hesperidin on plasma, heart and liver tissue lipids in rats subjected to isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity.

The present study examines the preventive role of hesperidin (HDN) on plasma, cardiac and hepatic lipids in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced rats. Myocardial injury was induced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol hydrochloride (85 mg/kg BW) twice at an interval of 24 h, for two consecutive days. HDN was administered by post-orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW. The results showed increased levels of plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and phospholipids (PL) and decreased level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in ISO-induced rats. ISO rats also showed an increase in cholesterol, TG and FFA and decrease in PL levels in the heart and liver tissues. HDN treatment brought the above parameters towards normal level. This experiment shows that HDN possesses hypolipidemic effect in ISO-induced rats.

Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in experimental myocardial ischemic rats.

Myocardial infarction continues to be a leading cause of mortality world-wide. Novel therapies are needed to treat the myocardial ischemia. This study was undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective role of hesperidin on isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Myocardial ischemia was induced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol hydrochloride (85 mg/kg body weight), for two consecutive days. Isoproterenol-administered rats showed elevated levels of cardiac markers (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponins T and I) when compared with control and hesperidin treatment groups (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight). The serum levels of cardiac markers were significantly reduced at the doses of 200 mg and 400 mg. All further experiments were carried out at the 200 mg dose. Lipid peroxidation markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes) were elevated significantly in the plasma and heart whereas non-enzymic antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione) were decreased significantly. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase declined significantly in the heart of ischemic rats. However, after hesperidin treatment, all the above parameters reverted to normal levels. This study demonstrated that the cardioprotective effect of hesperidin on ischemic rats could be due to its anti-lipid peroxidative and antioxidant properties.

Anthropometric parameters, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in auto-rickshaw drivers.

Anthropometric and several biochemical parameters were estimated in smoking and alcoholic-smoking auto-drivers and compared with normal auto-rickshaw drivers and normal subjects. Auto-drivers had a lower height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) compared with age-matched normal subjects. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total cholesterol, TC/HDL-C ratio, and lactic acid increased significantly and ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, reduced glutathione (GSH), hemoglobin, and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly in auto-drivers when compared with normal subjects. Total cholesterol and TC/HDL-C ratio increased significantly in smoking auto-drivers; TBARS increased and ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, GSH, and hemoglobin decreased significantly in alcoholic-smoking auto-drivers. Exposure of automobile pollutants associated with habits (cigarette smoking, alcohol) causes profound alterations in the levels of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TC/HDL-C ratio and lactic acid.