Mechanism of H. pylori intracellular entry: an in vitro study.

The majority of Helicobacter pylori reside on gastric epithelial cell surfaces and in the overlying mucus, but a small fraction of H. pylori enter host epithelial and immune cells. To explore the role of the nudA invasin in host cell entry, a ΔnudA deletion derivative of strain J99 was constructed and transformants were verified by PCR and by fluorescence in situ hybridization. AGS cells were inoculated with either wild type (WT) strain J99 or its ΔnudA mutant to determine the fraction of bacteria that were bound to the cells and were present inside these cells using the gentamicin protection assay. We observed no significant difference between either the density of H. pylori bound to AGS cell membranes or the density of intracellular H. pylori. To further explore this finding, separate chambers of each culture were fixed in glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunogold TEM. This addition to the "classical" gentamicin assay demonstrated that there were significantly more intracellular, and fewer membrane-bound, H. pylori in WT-infected AGS cells than in ΔnudA allele infected cells. Thus, the sum of intracellular and membrane-bound H. pylori was similar in the two groups. Since no other similar TEM study has been performed, it is at present unknown whether our observations can be reproduced by others Taken together however, our observations suggest that the "classical" gentamicin protection assay is not sufficiently sensitive to analyze H. pylori cell entry and that the addition of TEM to the test demonstrates that nudA plays a role in H. pylori entry into AGS cells in vitro. In addition, deletion of the invasin gene appears to limit H. pylori to the AGS cell surface, where it may be partly protected against gentamicin. In contrast, this specific environment may render H. pylori more vulnerable to host defense and therapeutic intervention, and less prone to trigger normal immune, carcinogenic, and other developmental response pathways.

Mitochondrial alterations with mitochondrial DNA depletion in the nerves of AIDS patients with peripheral neuropathy induced by 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC).

The 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), a nonazylated dideoxynucleoside analog used for the treatment of AIDS, causes a dose-dependent, painful, sensorimotor axonal peripheral neuropathy in up to 30% of the patients. To investigate the cause of the neuropathy, we performed morphological and molecular studies on nerve biopsy specimens from well-selected patients with ddC-neuropathy and from control subjects with disease, including patients with AIDS-related neuropathy never treated with ddC. Because ddC, in vitro, inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we counted the number of normal and abnormal mitochondria in a 0.04 mm(2) cross-sectional area of the nerves and quantified the copy numbers of mtDNA by competitive PCR in all specimens. A varying degree of axonal degeneration was present in all nerves. Abnormal mitochondria with enlarged size, excessive vacuolization, electron-dense concentric inclusions and degenerative myelin structures were prominent in the ddC-neuropathy and accounted for 55% +/- 2.5% of all counted mitochondria in the axon and Schwann cells, compared with 9% +/- 0.7% of the controls (p < 0.001). Significantly (p < 0.005) reduced copy numbers, with as high as 80% depletion, of the mtDNA was demonstrated in the nerves of the ddC-treated patients compared with the controls. We conclude that ddC induces a mitochondrial neuropathy with depletion of the nerve's mtDNA. The findings are consistent with the ability of ddC to selectively inhibit the gamma-DNA polymerase in neuronal cell lines. Toxicity to mitochondria of the peripheral nerve is a new cause of acquired neuropathy induced by exogenous toxins and may be the cause of neuropathy associated with the other neurotoxic antiretroviral drugs or toxic-metabolic conditions.

A novel ryanodine receptor gene mutation causing both cores and rods in congenital myopathy.

BACKGROUND: Central core disease (CCD) and nemaline rod myopathy are generally considered two genetically and histologically distinct disorders. CCD is defined by the presence of well-demarcated round cores within most myofibers. Nemaline rod myopathy is distinguished by the presence of characteristic nemaline bodies within myofibers. The simultaneous occurrence of both cores and rods in the same muscle biopsy has been described, but no gene mutations have been reported yet for this condition. OBJECTIVE: To describe a family containing 16 affected individuals in six generations with an autosomal dominant congenital myopathy that shows clinical and histologic features of both CCD and nemaline myopathy, and to determine the genetic etiology and protein composition of the cores/rods in this family. METHODS AND RESULTS: The results of linkage analyses excluded involvement of the two autosomal dominant nemaline myopathy loci on chromosome 1, but were consistent with a localization of the disease gene at the CCD locus on chromosome 19q13.1 (ryanodine receptor). SSCP analysis and DNA sequencing identified a novel Thr4637Ala mutation in the transmembrane region of the ryanodine receptor protein. Immunofluorescence studies of patient muscle biopsies showed the central cores to stain for ryanodine receptor. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the occurrence of nemaline bodies can be a secondary feature of CCD, and that genetic studies on previously reported core/rod families should be targeted to the ryanodine receptor locus. The results of the immunofluorescence studies suggest that the cores contain excess abnormal ryanodine receptor protein.

Desmin splice variants causing cardiac and skeletal myopathy.

Desmin myopathy is a hereditary or sporadic cardiac and skeletal myopathy characterised by intracytoplasmic accumulation of desmin reactive deposits in muscle cells. We have characterised novel splice site mutations in the gene desmin resulting in deletion of the entire exon 3 during the pre-mRNA splicing. Sequencing of cDNA and genomic DNA identified a heterozygous de novo A to G change at the +3 position of the splice donor site of intron 3 (IVS3+3A-->G) in a patient with sporadic skeletal and cardiac myopathy. A G to A transition at the highly conserved -1 nucleotide position of intron 2 affecting the splice acceptor site (IVS2-1G-->A) was found in an unrelated patient with a similar phenotype. Expression of genomic DNA fragments carrying the IVS3+3A-->G and IVS2-1G-->A mutations confirmed that these mutations cause exon 3 deletion. Aberrant splicing leads to an in frame deletion of 32 complete codons and is predicted to result in mutant desmin lacking 32 amino acids from the 1B segment of the alpha helical rod. Functional analysis of the mutant desmin in SW13 (vim-) cells showed aggregation of abnormal coarse clumps of desmin positive material dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. This is the first report on the pathogenic potentials of splice site mutations in the desmin gene.

Sporadic cardiac and skeletal myopathy caused by a de novo desmin mutation.

Desmin myopathy is a familial or sporadic disorder characterized by intracytoplasmic accumulation of desmin in the muscle cells. We and others have previously identified desmin gene mutations in patients with familial myopathy, but close to 45% of the patients do not report previous family history of the disease. The present study was conducted to determine the cause of desmin myopathy in a sporadic patient presenting with symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy combined with atrioventricular conduction block requiring a permanent pacemaker. A novel heterozygous R406W mutation in the desmin gene was identified by sequencing cDNA and genomic DNA. Expression of a construct containing the patient's mutant desmin cDNA in SW13 (vim-) cells demonstrated a high pathogenic potential of the R406W mutation. This mutation was not found in the patient's father, mother or sister by sequencing and restriction analysis. Testing with five microsatellite markers and four intragenic single nucleotide polymorphisms excluded alternative paternity. Haplotype analysis indicates that the patient's father was germ-line mosaic for the desmin mutation. We conclude that de novo mutations in the desmin gene may be the cause of sporadic forms of desmin-related cardiac and skeletal myopathy.

Desmin myopathy, a skeletal myopathy with cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the desmin gene.

BACKGROUND: Myofibrillar myopathies, often referred to as desmin-related myopathies, are a heterogeneous group of inherited or sporadic distal-onset skeletal myopathies associated with cardiomyopathy. Among the myofibrillar proteins that characteristically accumulate within the muscle fibers of affected patients, the one found most consistently is desmin, a muscle-specific intermediate-filament protein responsible for the structural integrity of the myofibrils. Skeletal and cardiac myopathy develops in mice that lack desmin, suggesting that mutations in the desmin gene may be pathogenic. METHODS: We examined 22 patients from 8 families with dominantly inherited myofibrillar or desmin-related myopathy and 2 patients with sporadic disease and analyzed the desmin gene for mutations, using complementary DNA (cDNA) amplified from muscle-biopsy specimens and genomic DNA extracted from blood lymphocytes. Restriction-enzyme analysis was used to confirm the mutations. Expression vectors containing normal or mutant desmin cDNA were introduced into cultured cells to determine whether the mutant desmin formed intermediate filaments. RESULTS: Six missense mutations in the coding region of the desmin gene that cause the substitution of an amino acid were identified in 11 patients (10 members of 4 families and 1 patient with sporadic disease); a splicing defect that resulted in the deletion of exon 3 was identified in the other patient with sporadic disease. Mutations were clustered in the carboxy-terminal part of the rod domain, which is critical for filament assembly. In transfected cells, the mutant desmin was unable to form a filamentous network. Seven of the 12 patients with mutations in the desmin gene had cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in the desmin gene affecting intermediate filaments cause a distinct myopathy that is often associated with cardiomyopathy and is termed "desmin myopathy." The mutant desmin interferes with the normal assembly of intermediate filaments, resulting in fragility of the myofibrils and severe dysfunction of skeletal and cardiac muscles.

Downregulation of TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein in the muscles of patients with inflammatory myopathies after treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin.

We used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study the level of TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and immunocytochemistry to examine the immunoreactive TGF-beta1 in muscle biopsy specimens from five patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and five patients with inclusion body myositis (IBM) obtained before and after 3 months treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). At baseline, the mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 was increased up to fivefold in the muscles of DM patients compared to that of IBM patients. After IVIg, TGF-beta1 was downregulated and the TGF-beta1 mRNA decreased twofold in the muscles of patients with DM who had successfully responded to therapy, but remained unchanged in the muscles of patients with IBM who did not respond. The downregulation of TGF-beta1 in DM was associated with improvement of the muscle cytoarchitecture and reduction of the endomysial inflammation and connective tissue, suggesting that in DM the excess of TGF-beta1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins.

Molecular mimicry in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and melanoma.

Polyclonal immunoglobulin M antibodies to the monosialoganglioside GM2, sulfoglucuronyl glycolipids, and sulfatide were detected by thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum of a patient with melanoma and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Both the patient's serum and polyclonal antibodies against GM2 reacted strongly with a biopsy of melanomatous tissue from the patient, suggesting a process of molecular mimicry.

Rimmed vacuoles with beta-amyloid and ubiquitinated filamentous deposits in the muscles of patients with long-standing denervation (postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy): similarities with inclusion body myositis.

In the chronically denervated muscles of patients with prior paralytic poliomyelitis, there are secondary myopathic features, including endomysial inflammation and rare vacuolated fibers. To assess the frequency and characteristics of the vacuoles and their similarities with those seen in inclusion body myositis (IBM), we examined 58 muscle biopsy specimens from patients with prior paralytic poliomyelitis for (1) the presence of rimmed vacuoles; (2) acid-phosphatase reactivity; (3) Congo-red-positive amyloid deposits; (4) electron microscopy, searching for tubulofilaments; and (5) immunoelectron microscopy, using antibodies against beta-amyloid and ubiquitin. We found vacuolated muscle fibers in 18 of 58 (31%) biopsies, with a mean frequency of 2.06 +/- 0.42 fibers per specimen. The vacuoles contained acid phosphatase-positive material in 6 of the 18 (33.30%) specimens and stained positive for Congo red in five (27.80%). By immunoelectron microscopy, the vacuoles contained 5.17 +/- 0.13 nm fibrils and 14.9 +/- 0.31 nm filaments that immunoreacted with antibodies to beta-amyloid and ubiquitin in a pattern identical to the one seen in IBM. We conclude that vacuolated muscle fibers containing filamentous inclusions positive for amyloid and ubiquitin are not unique to IBM and the other vacuolar myopathies but can also occur in a chronic neurogenic condition, such as postpoliomyelitis. The chronicity of the underlying disease, rather than the cause, may lead to vacuolar formation, amyloid deposition, and accumulation of ubiquitinated filaments.

Missense mutations in desmin associated with familial cardiac and skeletal myopathy.

Desmin-related myopathy (OMIM 601419) is a familial disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness associated with cardiac conduction blocks, arrhythmias and restrictive heart failure, and by intracytoplasmic accumulation of desmin-reactive deposits in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Involvement of the desmin gene (DES) has been excluded in three families diagnosed with desmin-related myopathy. We report two new families with desmin-related cardioskeletal myopathy associated with mutations in the highly conserved carboxy-terminal end of the desmin rod domain. A heterozygous A337P mutation was identified in a family with an adult-onset skeletal myopathy and mild cardiac involvement. Compound heterozygosity for two other mutations, A360P and N393I, was detected in a second family characterized by childhood-onset aggressive course of cardiac and skeletal myopathy.

Mitochondrial and cellular toxicity induced by fialuridine in human muscle in vitro.

Fialuridine (FIAU), when used experimentally in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B, caused irreversible acute hepatic failure, myopathy, myoglobinuria, severe lactic acidosis, neuropathy, and death. To investigate the primary cellular elements involved in the neuromuscular toxicity of FIAU, we examined its effects on human myotubes in cultures and searched for signs of recovery. From a total of 75 flasks of normal myotubes prepared from human muscle biopsies, 63 were exposed to various concentrations of FIAU (0.01 microM, 0.1 microM, 1 microM, 10 microM, 50 microM, and 100 microM) for 1 to 3 weeks, whereas 12 served as controls. After 3 weeks of FIAU treatment, 27 flasks were observed for 3 additional weeks to assess spontaneous recovery. All cultures were evaluated with: (a) light microscopy; (b) quantitative immunocytochemistry examining the number of myotubes immunostained for neural-cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM); (c) Oil-Red-O stain, to assess the lipid droplet accumulation; and d) electron microscopy with morphometric measurements of the volumetric density of each organelle per unit volume of tissue (magnification, x24,000). After 3 weeks of FIAU treatment, we found a severe reduction in the number of N-CAM-positive myotubes that varied according to the concentration of FIAU and the duration of treatment. Electron microscopy demonstrated a varying degree of destruction of the myotubes with significant increase in lipid droplets, lysosomes, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Major changes in mitochondria were noted even early in the treatment and consisted of concentric lamellar structures, paracrystalline inclusions, and vacuolization. These abnormalities remained unchanged without signs of recovery for up to 3 weeks after withdrawal of FIAU. We conclude that FIAU induces mitochondrial changes and intracellular lipid accumulations similar, but more severe, to those described with the other nucleoside analogues, such as zidovudine. In contrast to zidovudine, however, the FIAU-induced abnormalities do not improve or reverse after withdrawal of the drug. The observations are consistent with the irreversible mitochondrial changes noted in the FIAU-treated patients due to defective mitochondrial DNA replication.

An inflammatory, familial, inclusion body myositis with autoimmune features and a phenotype identical to sporadic inclusion body myositis. Studies in three families.

We describe the occurrence of an inflammatory inclusion body myositis in siblings of a single generation in three separate families. The disease in this total of seven patients was characterized by selective and early involvement of forearm and finger flexors, confirmed by MRI, and weakness of the quadriceps, triceps and foot extensors. Muscle biopsies in at least two members from each family showed endomysial inflammation, red-rimmed vacuoles, intracellular amyloid deposition and 15-18-nm tubulo-filaments within the vacuolated muscle fibres. Immunocytochemistry on serial muscle biopsy sections demonstrated an abundance of CD8+ cells invading non-necrotic, MHC-1-expressing muscle fibres. Immunogenetic studies showed the presence of the DR3 allele (DRB1*0301/0302) in all seven patients. The combination of the clinical, histological, immunopathological and immunogenetic features indicate that these patients have a disease identical to sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-IBM). We conclude that the classic, inflammatory, s-IBM can also occur in families (familial inclusion body myositis), in a pattern analogous to the familial occurrence of other autoimmune neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis. These observations strengthen the view that s-IBM behaves like other autoimmune diseases and has disease susceptibility linked to the DR3 allele.

Inclusion body myositis in HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infected patients.

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common inflammatory myopathy affecting patients over the age of 50 years. Dysimmune and degenerative aetiologies have been postulated, but viral infections have not been associated with the disease. Two HIV-I (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infected men and one woman infected with HTLV-1 (human T cell leukaemia virus type 1) developed progressive proximal muscle weakness unrelated to antiretroviral therapy. Their muscle biopsies were studied by light and electron microscopy, by immunocytochemistry to determine the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and identify the type of infiltrating cells and T cell receptor (TCR) subunits, and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and single or double immunocytochemistry to search for retrovirally infected endomysial cells. The clinical features were consistent with sporadic IBM. The muscle biopsies showed primary endomysial inflammation, red-rimmed vacuoles, amyloid deposits, eosinophilic inclusions, and small round fibres in groups, all diagnostic of IBM. The muscle fibres expressed MHC class-1 antigens and were invaded primarily by CD8+ T-lymphocytes preferentially bearing TCR V beta 5.1 and V beta 13 chains. The HIV-1 or HTLV-1 antigens were detected only on endomysial macrophages on or around muscle fibres, but not within the muscle fibres. We conclude that IBM occurs in HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infected individuals and has a clinical, histological and immunological pattern identical to sporadic IBM in the non-retrovirally infected patients. Retroviruses do not directly infect the muscle, but persistent retroviral infections may provide superantigenic stimulation and trigger an endomysial inflammatory response identical to that occurring in sporadic IBM.