Development and validation of an antigen capture ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies specific for Listeria monocytogenes in food.

A capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the identification of Listeria monocytogenes in food was standardised and validated. The assay was refined by analysing samples of meat, seafood, dairy products, pasta and flour. The method was found to be 100% specific for Listeria spp. tested, with a limit of sensitivity of 6.6 × 10(3) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml. Comparison of L. monocytogenes capture ELISA against the official International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method 11290-1:1996 for the isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes in food matrices produced a significant concordance index. The assay was validated on food matrices including meat, seafood and dairy products in line with ISO 16140:2003 concerning qualitative analytical methods. The assay was found to be accurate, specific, sensitive, selective, reproducible and fast, resulting in lower costs and faster turnaround in microbiological screening of foods.

Characterisation of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from soft and semi-soft cheeses sampled in a region of Italy.

A total of 47 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated in a survey of cheeses sampled from retail outlets were characterised. Five cheeses (Gorgonzola, Taleggio, Asiago, Crescenza and Brie) were chosen from the most popular soft and semi-soft cheeses consumed in Italy and most commonly contaminated with L. monocytogenes. The serotype and antibiotic resistance pattern were determined for each strain and their macrorestriction profile was analysed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The main serotypes detected were 1/2a (76.6%) and 1/2c (21.3%). Serotype 1/2b was found in only one sample. A total of 97.9% of strains were resistant to oxacillin (OX), 80.9% to lincomycin (L) and 78.7% to clindamycin (CC). Of these strains, 17% were found to be resistant to two antibiotics (OX-CC or OX-L) while 70.2% were resistant to three antibiotics (OX-CC-L). No strains were susceptible to all the compounds tested. A combined analysis of the macrorestriction profiles AscI and ApaI identified eleven pulsotypes divided into three clusters. Two pulsotypes predominated, accounting for 57.4% and 21.3% of the isolated strains. Analysis of the PFGE profiles did not reveal any correlation between pulsotype and type of cheese, producer or retail outlet. A temporal analysis revealed that one pulsotype was persistent throughout the study period, with the exception of August and September, in which time a different pulsotype was detected. This variability suggests the influence of factors affecting the dynamics of the contamination of these products. Large-scale studies could help clarify this phenomenon.

Gastroenteritis outbreak at holiday resort, central Italy.

During the summer of 2003, a gastroenteritis outbreak spread throughout a holiday resort in central Italy. Fecally contaminated groundwater and seawater were leaking into the non-drinking-water system, which was found to be connected to the drinking-water system of a large resort. This contamination had a primary role in the onset of the outbreak and spread of the infection.

Investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Hadar food illness in the Abruzzi region of Italy.

A comparative study was made of 22 strains of Salmonella Hadar isolated from victims of an outbreak of food illness in the Abruzzi region of Italy in 2000 and 21 strains of the same serotype isolated from poultry meat and human stool samples in the Abruzzi and Molise regions between 2000 and 2001. The aim of the investigation was to provide an epidemiological interpretation of the food illness outbreak to establish the degree of similarity between the S. Hadar strains isolated from victims of the outbreak and those isolated from poultry meat (identified but unconfirmed as the possible source of infection) and from other human samples received in the laboratory. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to identify the genotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined. PFGE analysis of the restriction patterns obtained with XbaI and BlnI led to the identification of 12 pulsotypes in three groups. RAPD did not provide any information, as it was unable to differentiate between the strains isolated from food illness victims with gastroenteritis. Antimicrobial resistance tests revealed multiple resistance patterns and no strains were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin or to the other quinolones tested. The poultry strains were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid, while the resistance in human strains was 31.8%. A combined analysis of resistance patterns and pulsotypes revealed four resistance patterns; the pattern associated with the outbreak was not correlated with the others present in the same period. This work suggests that a study of the relationship between different strains of the same serovar requires the implementation of different analytical methods.

An outbreak of gastroenteritis in a holiday resort in Italy: epidemiological survey, implementation and application of preventive measures.

A major gastroenteritis outbreak was reported in a vacation resort in Central Italy in 2003. A total of 183 cases were identified. The case-control study identified a statistically significant correlation between the disease and sea bathing, use of sanitary facilities in bungalows and of common showers. Stool samples taken from people affected were found positive for Norovirus (68%, 13 of 19 samples), Rotavirus (38%, 1 of 14 samples) and Campylobacter (7%, 3 of 8 samples). Environmental investigations revealed serious faecal contamination of the groundwater and the presence of Norovirus in the seawater near the resort. The mixing of groundwater and seawater with the non-drinking water system - which was also found to be connected to the drinking water system - had a primary role in the onset and spread of infection within the village. The complete absence of any gastroenteritis epidemics among the site guests since 2006 demonstrates the effectiveness of the environmental corrective measures taken.

Presence of chemical additives and microbial inhibition capacity in grapefruit seed extracts used in apiculture.

American foulbrood, caused by Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae (White 1906) is one of the most serious diseases of honey bees, causing beekeepers and health workers to make difficult, complex decisions and leading to the development of 'organic' treatments, such as grapefruit seed extract, with minor residue problems in the end product. This study evaluates the chemical composition of grapefruit seed extracts using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the detection of benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide and decyltrimethylammonium chloride. The results obtained suggest a close correlation between the microbial effect and the presence of chemical additives in the samples analysed.