ABSTRACT
Peptide drugs targeting class B1 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can treat multiple diseases; however, there remains substantial interest in the development of orally delivered non-peptide drugs. Here, we reveal unexpected overlap between signaling and regulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor by the non-peptide agonist PF 06882961 and GLP-1 that was not observed for another compound, CHU-128. Compounds from these patent series, including PF 06882961, are currently in clinical trials for treatment of type 2 diabetes. High-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures reveal that the binding sites for PF 06882961 and GLP-1 substantially overlap, whereas CHU-128 adopts a unique binding mode with a more open receptor conformation at the extracellular face. Structural differences involving extensive water-mediated hydrogen bond networks could be correlated to functional data to understand how PF 06882961, but not CHU-128, can closely mimic the pharmacological properties of GLP-1. These findings will facilitate rational structure-based discovery of non-peptide agonists targeting class B GPCRs.
Subject(s)
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites/physiology , Cryoelectron Microscopy/methods , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/chemistry , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/chemistry , Humans , Peptides/chemistry , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
5-Acetoxymethyl-3-(4-bromophenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one previously described as highly antifungally active was found to provide the corresponding 5-methylene derivative via an unusual DMSO-promoted elimination of the ester group at C5 under antifungal assay conditions. Since the latter possessed nearly the same antifungal effect as that originally reported for the former, the 5-acetoxymethyl furanone just served as a precursor of the actual antifungally active species. A few series of compounds with alkyloxy, aryloxy and alkylidene substituents at C5 of the parent furanone structure were therefore prepared and evaluated. In line with the ease of elimination of the substituent from C5, low activities of the 5-alkoxy compounds were observed. On the other hand, their 5-aryloxymethyl congeners were found to be capable of liberating the antifungally active 5-methylene furanone into the testing medium. The antifungal effect of the 5-alkylidene derivatives was highly sensitive to substitution of the alkylidene moiety; a substituent in the allylic position was necessary for a compound to retain high activity. Parallel evaluation of cytostatic activity showed moderate activities of the antifungally active derivatives against HeLa S3 and CCRF-CEM lines. Cell cycle analysis of CCRF-CEM cells following the treatment with 5-methylene-3-(4-bromophenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one revealed that this compound is a necrotic agent.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Cytostatic Agents/chemistry , Furans/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis , Cell Line , Cytostatic Agents/chemical synthesis , Cytostatic Agents/pharmacology , Furans/chemical synthesis , Furans/pharmacology , HeLa Cells , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
Direct arylation and alkenylation of 1-substituted tetrazoles was achieved via Pd catalysis in the presence of CuI and Cs(2)CO(3). Unlike the related reactions of imidazoles and purines, phosphine ligand was necessary to prevent the intermediate tetrazolyl-Pd(II) species from fragmentation into the corresponding cyanamide. Various 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles were prepared with good to excellent isolated yields.
Subject(s)
Alkenes/chemical synthesis , Phosphines/chemistry , Tetrazoles/chemical synthesis , Alkenes/chemistry , Catalysis , Imidazoles/chemistry , Ligands , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Palladium/chemistry , Purines/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , Tetrazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-acetyloxymethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one (LNO-18-22) is a representative member of a novel group of potential antifungal drugs, derived from a natural 3,5-disubstituted butenolide, (-)incrustoporine, as a lead structure. This lipophilic compound is characterized by high in vitro antifungal activity and low acute toxicity. For the purpose of in vivo studies, a new bioanalytical high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV photodiode-array and mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-PDA-MS), involving a direct injection of diluted mouse urine was developed and used in the evaluation of the metabolic profiling of this drug candidate. The separation of LNO-18-22 and its phase I metabolites was performed in 37 min on a 125 mmx4 mm chromatographic column with Purospher RP-18e using an acetonitrile-water gradient elution. Scan mode of UV detection (195-380 nm) was employed for the identification of the parent compound and its biotransformation products in the biomatrix. Finally, the identity of LNO-18-22 and its metabolites was confirmed using HPLC-MS analyses of the eluate. These experiments demonstrated the power of a comprehensive analytical approach based on the combination of xenobiochemical methods and the results from tandem HPLC-PDA-MS (chromatographic behaviour, UV and MS spectra of native metabolites versus synthetic standards). The chemical structures of five phase I LNO-18-22 metabolites and one phase II metabolite were elucidated in the mouse urine, with two of these metabolites having very unexpected structures.
