ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical success of primary teeth class II lesions restored with different restorative materials [Hybrid Composite Resin (HCR), Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC), compomer, and Giomer Composite Resin (GCR)] followed up for 24 months. STUDY DESIGN: This study was carried out on 146 primary molars of 41 children in the age range of 5-7 years. The class II lesions in primary molars of a patient were restored using different restorative materials. Restorations were evaluated according to FDI-criteria and their survival rates were determined. Data were analysed with Pearson chi-square, Kaplan-Meier and Wilcoxon (Breslow) tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The failure rates of restorative materials were as follows: compomer 33.3%, RMGIC 28.1%, HCR 22.5% and GCR 21.1%. CONCLUSIONS: While the functional failure was the most important factor in restorative material failure, RMGIC was the most successful material in terms of biological evaluation criterion and GCR had the longest survival rate.
Subject(s)
Dental Caries/therapy , Dental Materials/chemistry , Dental Restoration, Permanent/classification , Tooth, Deciduous/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Compomers/chemistry , Composite Resins/chemistry , Dental Caries/classification , Dental Restoration Failure , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry , Humans , Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives/instrumentation , Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives/methods , Male , Molar/pathology , Polymerization , Prospective Studies , Resin Cements/chemistry , Survival Analysis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
AIM: The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) study is to evaluate and compare the stress distributions at the primary molars and restorative materials according to the material used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 3D models of Class II cavities in primary molars plus one control model were analysed. Study design: Three-dimensional FEA was used to compare stress distribution on enamel, dentin and restoration surfaces of cavities. STATISTICS: Stresses occurring under occlusal forces were compared with the von Mises criterion. RESULTS: The highest von Mises stress values at the enamel and restoration of restored tooth 84 were computed. On the basis of these results, all materials were ranked on enamel stress as: flowable composite resin (FCR)> compomer > resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) > giomer composite resin (GCR) > hybrid composite resin (HCR) > amalgam. Moreover, ranking of materials on restoration stress was FCR < compomer < RMGIC < GCR < amalgam < HCR. CONCLUSION: A restorative material with appropriate elasticity module, able to balance stress concentrations, should be used to increase the survival rate of both the hard tissue of the tooth and the restoration material.
Subject(s)
Dental Materials/chemistry , Dental Restoration, Permanent/classification , Finite Element Analysis , Molar/physiology , Tooth, Deciduous/physiology , Bite Force , Child , Compomers/chemistry , Composite Resins/chemistry , Computer-Aided Design , Dental Amalgam/chemistry , Dental Cavity Preparation/classification , Dental Enamel/physiology , Dentin/physiology , Elastic Modulus , Female , Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Resin Cements/chemistry , Stress, Mechanical , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
A horizontal subsurface flow reed bed, Pragmites australis, constructed wetland system was operated continuously for one year at 5 different hydraulic retention times between 5 days-11 days with real tannery industry effluent to investigate mainly NH4-N and COD removal performance of the system. The bed was also operated at different initial NH4-N concentrations between 10-30 mg/L by adding NH4Cl into the tannery effluent. The results indicated that ammonia-nitrogen removal is significantly affected by hydraulic retention time while COD is not. The optimum HRT was determined as 8 days with over 95% NH4-N and around 30% COD removal efficiency. The system shows higher removal performance at high initial NH4-N concentrations. Almost complete (99%) NH4-N removal and over 40% COD removal was obtained at (NH4-N)0 = 20 mg/L and HRT = 7 days. PO4-P and total chromium removal were not significantly affected by operating conditions
Subject(s)
Ammonia/isolation & purification , Bioreactors , Ecosystem , Industrial Waste , Water Purification/methods , Animals , Biodegradation, Environmental , Cattle , Skin , Water MovementsABSTRACT
The values of plasma interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) levels were evaluated as the markers of pre-eclampsia in 35 serial plasma samples from ten pregnant women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia and in 74 plasma samples from 20 uncomplicated pregnancies, retrospectively. No correlation was found between plasma IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1ra levels, liver and renal function tests, thrombocyte and white blood cell counts, proteinuria, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and gestational weeks. Almost equal levels of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta were measured in all corresponding groups, but these were too few in number to statistically analyze. IL-1ra values were higher in the pre-eclampsia group than in the uncomplicated pregnancy group, at 20-25 and 31-35 gestational weeks significantly and 26-30 gestational weeks insignificantly and showed an increase during labor in both groups. It was found to have 58% positive predictivity, 100% negative predictivity, 50% specificity and 100% sensitivity at gestational weeks 20-25. According to these results, IL-1ra seems to be considered for its high negative predictivity in the exclusion of the probability of pre-eclampsia development during antenatal visits, but its plasma level is not correlated with the severity of the disease.
