[The Stenger Test--its use and variations]. / Stengerov test--primena i varijacije.

INTRODUCTION: Simulation, dissimulation and aggravation of partial hearing loss can refer to bilateral or unilateral hearing loss. Tests for detection can be divided into unilateral and bilateral. CASE DESCRIPTION: A patient aged 29, came for otolaryngological examination 13 days after hearing impairment and blast injury of the ear following detonation of an airplane-launched missile about 500 meters away. AT the moment of detonation he was not wearing a helmet. Two hours later he noticed bloody discharge and strong tinnitus in the left ear. During examination and audiometric test, we suspected aggravation. The patient was sent for sub-specialist audiological examination. The audiogram made during the first testing showed a perceptive hearing impairment on the right side, while the left ear was without response (Audiogram 1). We asked the patient to concentrate, repeated the test, and got Audiogram 2 (Curve I). After this the patient was informed that we would carry out another testing, using Stenger test, and we got Curve II. The patient was informed that he had done very successfully in the test, and that we would repeat it, Curve III. We got Curve IV by repeating the test reducing the tone volume by 10 dB again. The aggravation was obvious, and the audiogram was shown to the patient, explaining that his intention was detected, and he was asked to cooperate correctly so that adequate therapy could be applied, which he accepted, so that we got Curve V, the real condition of his hearing. CONCLUSION: We have shown the case of a patient injured in a missile explosion which caused perforation of the tympanic membrane and a sensorineural hearing loss. Suspecting aggravation, Stenger test was performed. The testing showed unexpected results not described with Stenger test and we simultaneously detected the patient's intention to simulate aggravation.

[Allergic rhinitis as a possible etiologic cause eustachian tube dysfunction]. / Alergijski rinitis kao moguc etioloski uzrocnik disfunkcije eustahijeve tube.

INTRODUCTION: Allergic diseases of the upper respiratory tract are becoming one of the leading factors in the etiology of Eustachian tube dysfunctions. Eustachian tube dysfunctions are one of the three most significant etiologic factors of secretory otitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The most numerous group, aged 5-9 years, included 80% of subjects. Type B tympanogram was found in 173 (86.50%), and type C in 27 (13.50%) ears. Positive family anamnesis for allergic diseases was found in 26 (26%) subjects. A positive skin test for standard group in inhalatory allergen was present in 21 (21%) subjects. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Sex and age distribution of subjects correlate with data of other sources. A significantly higher incidence is found in the age group of 5-9 years. In presented sources the incidence of allergic diseases and Eustachian tube dysfunction is relatively wide and ranges between 20 and 50%. Results obtained by our research correlate with the mentioned values. CONCLUSION: This paper reports results of our own research of the incidence of allergic rhinitis, in cases of tympanometrically proven Eustachian tube dysfunction, in patients 5 to 19 years of age. Allergic rhinitis to inhalatory allergens was diagnosed in 21% of subjects. Based on the above mentioned we can conclude that one out of four patients aged between 5 and 19 with the diagnosed Eustachian tube dysfunction also suffers from allergic rhinitis. The consulted sources confirm that allergic rhinitis can be considered as one of the leading etiological factors of Eustachian tube dysfunction.

[Clinical examination in open fractures of the frontal bone]. / Znacaj klinickog pregleda kod otvorenih preloma ceone kosti.

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the frontal bone most often occur with injuries: in traffic accidents, at work, at home, falls on stairs or slippery surfaces, in sport accidents, hoof injuries, etc. They are mostly seen within combined injuries, much less often as isolated. METHODS AND RESULTS: There were no patients under the age of 20; two were in their thirties, three each in their forties and fifties, and one patient in his sixties. Sex distribution: seven males and two females. Seven patients were injured in traffic accidents, and two working at home. DISCUSSION: Four of nine X-rays, although technically valid, did not reveal fracture lines on the frontal bones. In these cases the fracture was diagnosed by surgical exploration during the treatment of the soft tissue injuries of the frontal region. We must therefore point to the importance of surgical exploration of each, even the slightest injury of the soft tissues of the frontal region, so that the fractures of the frontal bone are not overlooked. Standard X-rays must be interpreted as a supplementary diagnostic procedure, but cannot be considered as absolutely reliable, since the lines can be obscured due to the thickness of the bone structures. The revision was made via the fronto-orbital passage. The mucosae of the posterior wall was intact in five cases, while four cases had a fracture of the interior wall as well, without dislocation of fragments. We preserved the sinus cavities of five patients with only frontal wall injuries, while obliteration was performed in four cases due to the fracture of the interior wall. CONCLUSION: We have ascertained that standard radiography is an unreliable diagnostic procedure and, especially in case of minor injuries of the frontal bone, surgical exploration of the injured region is an imperative, as the only reliable method of excluding fracture of the frontal bone, and this long-established principle cannot be abandoned in these cases either.

[Evaluation of the level of hearing loss based on the results of tympanometry in children under 5 years of age with eustachian tube dysfunction]. / Mogucnost procene stepena ostecenja sluha na osnovu timpanometrijskih rezultata kod dece mlade od pet godina sa disfunkcijom eustahijeve tube.

INTRODUCTION: The paper describes the correlation between pathological tympanogram findings, and the degree and type of hearing loss. We have established a possibility of indirect evaluation of hearing loss based on tympanometric curve, in children aged five or less, with tympanometry established dysfunction of Eustachian tube. Statistical methods provided a degree of certainty based on which conclusions can be made on the degree of hearing loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was done from 1986 to 1998 in an insulated chamber of the audiological laboratory of the General Hospital in Subotica. 100 children were tested, aged between 5 and 19. RESULTS: We have found that: type B tympanogram shows a statistically significant incidence in the examined group; patients with Eustachian tube dysfunction show a statistically significantly higher incidence of pathologic compared to normal audiogram, conductive hearing loss compared to other types of hearing loss, mild hearing loss compared to other types of hearing loss, horizontal audiogram form; based on performed tests, with a 95% expectancy, it can be concluded that 90% of patients whose Eustachian tube dysfunction is characterized by type B tympanogram simultaneously show (mild or medium) hearing loss, i.e. 70% of patients with type B tympanogram show a mild hearing loss, and 20% have a medium hearing loss. CONCLUSION: It is well known that the degree of hearing loss does not depend on tympanogram, but the above the research and statistical methods used indirectly lead to a conclusion that in mild dysfunction of Eustachian tube characterized by type C tympanogram the conductive hearing reduction does not exceed 25 dB, while in cases with type B tympanogram we can expect a conductive hearing loss between 20 and 40 dB, and in 20% of cases a conductive hearing loss of 40-60 dB. The results of this research show that findings of tympanometric testing can be used as a basis for hearing evaluation in children below 5 years of age with a diagnosed Eustachian tube dysfunction.

[Frontal sinus osteoma as a cause of purulent meningitis]. / Osteom frontalnog sinusa kao uzrocnik purulentnog meningitisa.

INTRODUCTION: Osteomas are benign tumours located within bones or developing on them (1). The incidence of osteomas is as follows: frontal, ethmoid and maxillary, while they are extremely rare in the sphenoid sinus (2). Most often they are localized on sutures, and extremely rarely on occipital squama (3). They are often asymptomatic, and can be accidentally detected, by radiographic examination (4). The main clinical symptom is headache of varying intensity and quality, and in most cases not proportional to the size of the osteoma, which ranges from the size of pepper bean to the size of a child's head (5). In addition to headache, there can be sensitivity to pressure in the region of the frontal sinus (6). On exteriorization they give the symptomatology of the organ on which they develop. Depending on the direction of osteoma exteriorization, various complications may occur (6,7,8,9,10). CASE DESCRIPTION: A male patient born 1958, was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases on Nov. 29, 1996 with high temperature and strong headaches. The patient had had a traffic accident in 1989. X-ray did not show any injuries of cranial bones, but a frontal sinus osteoma has already been diagnosed. He had been suffering from occasional headaches several years back. Symptoms of the disease started three days prior to admission, with increased body temperature and headaches which persisted in spite of prescribed analgesics. Seven days prior to onset of the disease, the patient had had a cold. When admitted, he was conscious, oriented, with well developed osteomuscular structure. He did not vomit or have photophobia; meningeal signs were negative; febrile. Laboratory blood findings were normal, except for higher sedimentation (SE + 27) and higher blood sugar (BS = 8.1 mmol/l). Due to permanent diffuse headaches a lumbar puncture was performed on Dec. 1, 1996. Laboratory and microscopic examinations showed that the patient had purulent meningitis (Table 1). X-rays of the cranium showed a frontal sinus osteoma, starting from the frontal ethmoid cells and filling the entire right frontal cavity. Electroencephalogram dated Dec. 3 shows no signs of focal or diffuse electro-cortical dysfunction. An otolaryngologist was consulted who recommended surgical extirpation of the osteoma. Axial computerized tomography of the structures of endocranium in 5 and 10 mm sections was done on an outpatient basis on Dec 17, 1996. The findings confirmed existence of frontal sinus osteoma on the right side (without lesions of the frontobasal brain structures) and calcification of fhalx cerebri. After appropriate pre-operative preparation, surgery was performed in general endotracheal anaesthesia on December 6, 1997: Trepanatio sinus frontalis sec. Tato, evacuation osteomatis et obliteratio sinus frontalis lateris dextri. It was found intraoperatively that the right frontal sinus was entirely filled with whitish-yellow osseous tissue. The osseous tumour was completely immobile in relation to the surrounding tissues and filled the entire cavity of the frontal sinus, descending into both front enthmoids towards the right posterior ethmoid and penetrating the upper orbit wall over a radius of about 5 x 10 mm. The osteoma was carefully extirpated from the location with a drill and it was found that its pressure had denuded the dura in the right region of the cranial cavity with the diameter of about 1 cm2. The osteoma was removed in three osseous fragments, total size 4 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm. Upon removal of the osteoma, the sinus walls were explored for possible fracture, due to the head injury from 1989. No signs of fracture were found. Total obliteration of the right frontal sinus was made, with a closure of the nasofrontal channel and osteoplastic reconstruction of the frontal sinus wall. The postoperative course was regular. CONCLUSION: This paper describes an osteoma of the frontal sinus in a 39-year-old patient. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

[History of the Otorhinolaryngology Service in Subotica]. / Istorijat otorinolaringoloske sluzbe u Subotici.

This paper is an account of the history and development of otolaryngological medical service in Subotica from 1906 to 1996, with three distinctive periods: work on an outpatient basis, inpatient care within the Jewish hospital, and the separate Otolaryngology Ward. The paper presents accommodation capacities, localisation of the Otolaryngology Ward, professional work of the Service over the ninety-year period, and short biographies of doctors. The specialist otolaryngological service has existed in Subotica since June 1, 1906. The first otolaryngologist in Subotica, Dr. Bela Török (7), was born in Sopron on May 26, 1878. He specialized in otolaryngology and internal medicine in 1906. From June 1, 1906 to March 30, 1907 he held a private specialist practice in Subotica. He worked at the District Office as a specialist in otolaryngology and internal diseases from June 1, 1907 to November 20, 1923, when he became the first administrator of the Jewish hospital, remaining on this post until his death, on July 19, 1937. Dr. Borivoj Miladinovic, Dr. Pal Abelsberg and Dr. Istvan Stein came to Subotica in 1920's, so that otolaryngological medical practice was held in four private offices and the Jewish hospital "Milosrdje" (Charity), until 1939. The present Otolaryngology Ward was founded on December 1, 1939, at the Municipal Public Hospital. The Ward's founder, Professor Ante Sokcic, M.D., was born in Subotica on January 15, 1911 (18). He passed his specialty exams in Zagreb on November 16, 1939, and returned to Subotica, opening the Otolarynogology Ward at the Municipal Public Hospital. He practised actively in Subotica for 28 months, performing 916 surgeries within this period. He died on December 3, 1980. Dr. Lajco Kovac, Dr. Slobodan Milekic and Dr. Stevan Zomborcevic started their specializations in 1950, and Dr. Jeno Gubas in 1968. The Ward was located in the building of the Surgery Pavilion and had 12 beds. During the war it was transferred to the Ophthalmology Ward; in 1952 it was moved to the ground floor of the right wing of the Surgery Pavilion and assigned 42 beds, and since 1971 it has been in the new hospital building. The present Ward has 30 beds and is located in the right wing of the 6th floor. The Internal Organisation Statute dated June 28, 1993 divides the Ward into the following units: Paediatric Otolaryngology, Microsurgery with Surgery block and Semi-intensive Care unit, Maxillofacial Surgery, Audiology Cabinet and Outpatient units. All the documents of the private specialist offices, Vidakovic's and Heisler's Sanatorium, and the Jewish hospital "Milosrdje" were destroyed during World War II. The written data remained in the Ward's surgery protocols since December 1, 1939. They show that Dr. Ante Sokcic performed radical trepanation of temporal bones, laryngofissure, collar mediastintomia, atticoantrotomy, bronchoscopy, oesophagoscopy, and all other routine surgeries. Endoscopical surgeries have been performed since 1924 when head Doctor Pal Abelsberg brought the required instruments from Vienna. The first tissue sample was sent for histopathological examination on February 14, 1949. Direct laringoscopies using Hasslinger laryngoscope have been performed since 1950, plastic surgeries of palatoschises since June 25, 1961, and plastic reconstructive surgeries of article deformities since December 14, 1961. In 1962 the staff started to perform endaural atticoantrotomy and plastic surgery of the deformities of pyramis nasi. The first Wulstein tympanoplasty was performed on November 21, 1963, and the first surgery in general anaesthesia on February 19, 1966. Laryngoscopies have been performed since February 4, 1976, and aeration tubes inserted since June 17, 1984. We have actively and continuously been performing diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with impaired hearing. The Hospital's Oncology Council was founded in 1966, and this is when the cooperative diagnostics and treatment of pa

[Lymphoma of the parotid salivary gland]. / Limfom parotidne pljuvacne zlezde.

INTRODUCTION: Lymphomas appear mostly in lymph nodes and parenchymal organs such as liver and spleen, while other localizations are less frequent. They are classified as Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin types, and these two are divided into subtypes, according to cell morphology and the characteristics of concurrent elements. Parotid salivary gland lymphomas are rare primary tumours of this region, although 80% of all salivary gland lymphomas, appear in parotid. They originate from intraparotid or periparotid lymph nodes, or from lymphoid elements of other pathological states in the gland such as sialadenitis, cysts with the presence of lymphoid tissue, parenchymal neoplasms with lymphoid component present and autoimmune illnesses, esp. Sjögren syndrome. Many authors (2-15) who have issued publications on this topic in foreign professional literature in the past ten years, agree that the primary localization of lymphomas in parotid salivary gland is very rare, although in recent decades more frequent than earlier (5). In majority of cases they appear on one side, although there are very rare cases of described parotid salivary glands on both sides. The illness most often starts as painless, soft knob in the region of parotid salivary gland. Other discomforts are very rare, and mostly appear as a feeling of pressure and mild painful sensations in the region of the change. In case of facial nerve paresis and/or strong pains, as well as adenopathy, there is a justified suspicion of carcinoma (20). The treatment is surgical. The method chosen is parotidectomy. According to histological type and clinical stadium, it includes radiotherapy or polychemotherapy. The prognosis depends on histological type of tumour, that is clinical stadium, and shows no specific characteristics compared with other forms of disease appearing outside parotid salivary gland. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient aged 66 was admitted to the ward with a tumefaction in the right parotid region. Family case history: negative. Personal case history excerpt: over 20 years of rheumatism, chronic bronchitis and hypertension. Present discomfort: tumefaction in the right parotid region, noticed about a year and a half earlier. The tumefaction was about 3 cm in diameter, painless to palpation, rubbery and smooth. She came to the Otolaryngology ward on May 31, 1995, when it was established that she had a tumour of the right parotid region and chronic otitis media on the left side. She was admitted on August 7, 1995. Local test results: the right parotid region contained a tumor of irregular round shape, about 6 cm in diameter, soft and painless to palpation, with smooth surface, the skin over the tumor was hyperaemic and sporadically livid. ORL status excerpt: subtotal reniform perforation of the left tympanic membrane enclosing all parts except the attic, with slight transparent secretion. Enlarged lymph nodes were not palpable. On August 10, 1995, under general endotracheal anaesthesia, a pre-operative aspiration of tumor was performed in three positions. The obtained substance contained blood, after which it was decided to perform an excision biopsy, which was done in the lower portion of the tumor. Histopathological analysis did not give a clearly defined character of tumor, so that hospitalisation was indicated and scheduled for further treatment. On the second admission on October 10, 1995, general condition and local results remain unchanged. On October 12, 1995, total parotidectomy was performed under general endotracheal anaesthesia. A tumor of about 5 cm in diameter and the removed salivary gland were sent to histopathological tests. The post-operative course was normal, the function of the facial nerve was preserved. Histopathological results: well-differentiated malignant lymphocyte lymphoma. The patient was sent to polychemotherapy on Cyclophosphamide Oncovin Pronisin (COP) protocol. One year after the surgery, the local findings are regular. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

[Adult laryngeal hemangioma]. / Adultni hemangiom grkljana.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A patient aged 31 was admitted to the Ward because of hoarseness and difficulties in breathing. Family case history was negative. Personal case history shows pneumonia and jaundice. Hoarseness occurred suddenly, four months earlier, and did not change until hospitalization. The patient occasionally woke up for air loss. He first came for otolaryngological examination on November 23, 1995, and was admitted for examination and treatment. By frontal rhinoscopy, oropharingoscopic and otoscopic findings are regular. Indirect laryngoscopy shows regular findings in the hypopharynx. The epiglottis has regular configuration and appropriate insertion, but lay extremely low, covering the passage to larynx and thus making its examination impossible. As it was impossible to examine the patient by indirect laryngoscopy, we decided for directoscopy of larynx in neurolept analgesia, finding that the mucous membrane of epiglottis and larynx was pink, smooth, and glossy. The passage to larynx was free. Plicae aryepiglotticae and false vocal chords were regular. Morgagni's ventricles were free. The left vocal chord was yellowish, with smooth surface, sharp edge, slightly edematous. The front third of the upper surface of the right vocal chord showed a wide grip of a large globular formation of livid colour, the size of a cherry, taking two thirds of larynx's lumen, and a hematoma on the same vocal chord, spreading into Morgagni's chamber. Due to the local findings the patient was intubated and given general endotracheal anesthesia. In direct laryngomicroscopy, ablation of the polypous formation was performed. Bleeding was minimal. The removed material was sent for histopathological analysis. The post-operative course passed regularly. The patient was released from hospital on the third postoperative day without subjective discomforts and with appropriate local post-operative findings. Histopathological finding: hemangioma cavernosum. At control examinations the patient shows no subjective discomforts and has regular local findings, with no signs of local recurrence. DISCUSSION: The first larynx hemangioma was described by Mackenzie in 1871 (1). In 1921 Sweeter (1) classified hemangiomas as infantile and adult. Infantile hemangiomas are in 40-50% cases followed by multiple skin and gastrointestinal localizations (2). They are more frequent with girls. Dyspenia and inspiratory stridor with obstruction signs and cough are the main symptoms with neonates (3,4,5,6,7). These discomforts are not permanent, there are periods of improvement and deterioration. In most cases a spontaneous involution of hemangioma occurs during the second year of life. Adult hemangiomas are bluish red, clearly defined, appearing most often in the region of glottis and supraglottis. They are more frequent with males. The principal symptom is hoarseness, occasional hemoptysis, and in advanced cases dysphagia and difficult breathing (1,8,9). They do not show tendency of spontaneous regression. The sources give varied opinions on therapeutic procedure with laryngeal hemangioma (3,5,7,10,11,12,13,14). The factors influencing the choice of therapy are age, type, size and localisation of the tumor, and the patient's discomforts. With infantile hemangiomas which do not cause significant discomforts, we can expect spontaneous regression (15,16,17). The greatest discomforts are caused by hemangiomas during the first years of life, when followed by difficult breathing and choking. In these cases tracheotomy is inevitable. Radiotherapy used to play the principal role in therapy of hemangiomas (15,10,12). Nowadays the treatment of laryngeal hemangiomas with neonates is done with steroids (3,5,7), embolisation (5,14), laser (3,713) and cryotherapy (12). Adult hemangiomas are mostly treated surgically, applying various methods, from tumor ablation to laryngectomy, depending on the size of tumor (1,8,18,19,20). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

[Direct laryngomicroscopy from 1984 to 1993 at the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases at the General Hospital in Subotica]. / Direktne laringomikroskopije u periodu od 1984. do 1993. godine na odeljenju za bolesti uva, grla i nosa Opste bolnice u Subotici.

A retrospective analysis is presented of laryngomicroscopic examinations in the period 1984-1993. Examinations were performed on 577 patients of different age and of both sexes. In 449 patients histopathologic examination revealed pathologic changes of the tissue, whereas in 128 patients histopathologic analysis was not performed. By statistical data analysis malignant pharyngeal tumor was established in 65 patients (14.48%); precancerous changes in 100 patients (22.27%), while the rest of patients-284 (63.25%) had benign laryngeal changes.

[The effect of adenoidectomy on eustachian tube function]. / Uticaj adenoidektomije na funkcija eustahijeve tube.

301 adenoidectomised and tonsilloadenoidectomised children were tympanometrically tested. The control group consisted of 89 children in whom adenoidectomy was to be performed. Eustachian tube dysfunction was analyzed in both groups. By standard statistic methods it was established that the number of Eustachian tube dysfunctions after adenoidectomy is statistically significantly reduced. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that well indicated, on time and technically well performed adenoidectomy statistically significantly reduces the number of Eustachian tube dysfunctions and that is why it is justified in therapeutic management of acute and secretory otitis media relapses.

[Epidemiology of skin tumors of the face and neck (ORL region) treated surgically from 1981 to 1990]. / Epidemiologija tumorskih promena koze lica i vrata (ORL regije) lecenih hirurskim putem u periodu od 1981. do 1990. godine.

This paper reviews basic epidemiologic characteristics of 1549 changes located on face, neck and lips and surgically treated at the ORL Department of the General hospital in Subotica during the period 1981-1990. We analyzed the following parameters: frequency of certain diseases, their distribution according to the studied period of time, sex and age distribution, place of living, interaction between malignant and benign tumors as well as eventual influence of some meteorologic factors in regard to the previous 10-year period. It has been established that malignant tumors, precancerous and benign tumors make up 70% of surgically treated patients. There has been no statistically significant difference between sexes or according to the place of living. Most patients are in the eighth decade. It has been established that there is a slight trend of increase in regard to the number of operated patients in some studied years both in malignant and benign tumors, but there seems to be no connection between the number of surgically treated patients and analyzed meteorologic factors.

[Importance of the eustachian tube in middle ear function]. / Znacaj eustahijeve tube u funkciji bubne duplje.

This paper reviews ventilation, drainage and protection as Eustachian tube functions which influence the middle ear. The most frequent etiologic factors which cause disorders of these functions and possible consequences on the middle ear are illustrated. The paper also reviews classification of the degree of Eustachian tube ventilation disorders, the most frequent causes of its dysfunction, as well as methods which are used for checking Eustachian tube ventilation.

[Personal experience with the occurrence of pediatric otitis of allergic etiology in the North Backa Region]. / Nasa iskustva u vezi sa ucestalosti decjeg otitisa alergijske etiologije u regionu severne Backe.

The authors report their own longtime experience with the incidence of pediatric otitis with allergic etiology. They conclude that pediatric otitis, especially the secretory type, is not always curable by the common conservative antibiotic therapy because in many cases the primary cause of the disease is not the infection but allergy. The infection in such cases is a secondary, accompanying complication. The suggestion has been supported by the statistical data. Moreover reviewed are the diagnostic methods and therapy they have applied.

[Personal experience in the treatment of chronic secretory otitis in children]. / Nasa iskustva u lecenju hronicnih sekretornih otitisa u dece.

The authors review their experiences in the treatment of secretory otitis in children. They detected a significantly higher number of positive allergometric tests to standard groups of inhalation allergens than expected. The patients were divided into two groups; in the first group the allergometric test was negative, in the second positive. The therapeutical approach was identical, consisting of the initial medicamentous treatment which did not give any results. After this, adenoidectomy, paracentesis with secretion aspiration and aeration tube implantation were performed in general endotracheal anesthesia. The comparison of the results of the treatment showed that allergic disease, being one of the etiological factors, significantly influence the course of the treatment as well as the prognosis of the disease. It has been concluded that allergy, an etiological cause of chronic secretory otitis in children, should be given a special regard to help an adequate approach to the phenomenon.

[Rhabdomyosarcomas in otorhinolaryngology]. / Rabdomiosarkomi u otorinolaringologiji.

The study reports two patients with very rare tumors, rhabdomyosarcomas. The first case was a six-year-old girl with tumor in the right nostril and epipharynx, the second was a 66-year-old male patient with protuberances in the hypopharynx. The diagnosis was based on the PH analysis. One case was treated with air therapy, the other was surgically treated. Both died soon after, the fact that points to an enormous malignant potential and unfavorable prognosis for the diseased.

[Hot water burns of the upper aerodigestive tract]. / Oparotine gornjih aerodigestivnih puteva vrelom vodom.

The authors present a case of a 56 year old patient who had a rare injury, a laryngeal scald. The paper offers the complete clinical manifestation, the circumstances in which the injury was acquired and the course of recovery of the injured patient.