Segmentation and Classification of Encephalon Tumor by Applying Improved Fast and Robust FCM Algorithm with PSO-Based ELM Technique.

Nowadays, so many people are living in world. If so many people are living, then the diseases are also increasing day by day due to adulterated and chemical content food. The people may suffer either from a small disease such as cold and cough or from a big disease such as cancer. In this work, we have discussed on the encephalon tumor or cancer which is a big problem nowadays. If we will consider about the whole world, then there are deficiency of clinical experts or doctors as compared to the encephalon tumor affected person. So, here, we have used an automatic classification of tumor by the help of particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based extreme learning machine (ELM) technique with the segmentation process by the help of improved fast and robust fuzzy C mean (IFRFCM) algorithm and most commonly feature reduction method used gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) that may helpful to the clinical experts. Here, we have used the BraTs ("Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge 2020") dataset for both the training and testing purpose. It has been monitored that our system has given better classification accuracy as an approximation of 99.47% which can be observed as a good outcome.

An unusual presentation of an adrenal tumour-a case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Adrenal myelolipomas are rare, benign tumours with an incidence of 0.08-0.2%. They present between the fifth and seventh decade of life [1]. CASE PRESENTATION: Our patient presented with complaints of vomiting and left lumbar pain of four weeks duration. Blood work revealed dyselectrolytemia. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis confirmed the diagnosis and the patient was planned for an adrenalectomy. Histopathology report revealed the pathology. She is currently on routine follow up and is disease free. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and its accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal on request. This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria [2]. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: With the increased use of imaging modalities of the abdomen, they are now considered to be the second most common cause of adrenal incidentalomas (6-16%) [3]. Most tumours are small, asymptomatic and often go undiagnosed. Large tumours can cause chronic pain and other nonspecific symptoms. CONCLUSION: Though myelolipomas are identified on routine CT scans, on a background of dyselectrolytemia, a further evaluation is of utmost importance to rule out the possibility of a functioning tumour.

Generation of meiomaps of genome-wide recombination and chromosome segregation in human oocytes.

We have developed a protocol for the generation of genome-wide maps (meiomaps) of recombination and chromosome segregation for the three products of human female meiosis: the first and second polar bodies (PB1 and PB2) and the corresponding oocyte. PB1 is biopsied and the oocyte is artificially activated by exposure to calcium ionophore, after which PB2 is biopsied and collected with the corresponding oocyte. The whole genomes of the polar bodies and oocytes are amplified by multiple displacement amplification and, together with maternal genomic DNA, genotyped for ∼300,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genome-wide by microarray. Informative maternal heterozygous SNPs are phased using a haploid PB2 or oocyte as a reference. A simple algorithm is then used to identify the maternal haplotypes for each chromosome, in all of the products of meiosis for each oocyte. This allows mapping of crossovers and analysis of chromosome segregation patterns. The protocol takes a minimum of 3-5 d and requires a clinical embryologist with micromanipulation experience and a molecular biologist with basic bioinformatic skills. It has several advantages over previous methods; importantly, the use of artificial oocyte activation avoids the creation of embryos for research purposes. In addition, compared with next-generation sequencing, targeted SNP genotyping is cost-effective and it simplifies the bioinformatic analysis, as only one haploid reference sample is required to establish phase for maternal haplotyping. Finally, meiomapping is more informative than copy-number analysis alone for analysis of chromosome segregation patterns. Using this protocol, we have provided new insights that may lead to improvements in assisted reproduction for the treatment of infertility.

Genome-wide maps of recombination and chromosome segregation in human oocytes and embryos show selection for maternal recombination rates.

Crossover recombination reshuffles genes and prevents errors in segregation that lead to extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) in human eggs, a major cause of pregnancy failure and congenital disorders. Here we generate genome-wide maps of crossovers and chromosome segregation patterns by recovering all three products of single female meioses. Genotyping >4 million informative SNPs from 23 complete meioses allowed us to map 2,032 maternal and 1,342 paternal crossovers and to infer the segregation patterns of 529 chromosome pairs. We uncover a new reverse chromosome segregation pattern in which both homologs separate their sister chromatids at meiosis I; detect selection for higher recombination rates in the female germ line by the elimination of aneuploid embryos; and report chromosomal drive against non-recombinant chromatids at meiosis II. Collectively, our findings show that recombination not only affects homolog segregation at meiosis I but also the fate of sister chromatids at meiosis II.

Evaluation of some aromatic plant extracts for mosquito larvicidal potential against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi.

In the present investigation, larvicidal potential of hexane, choloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of seven aromatic plants, viz., Blumea mollis, Chloroxylon swietenia, Clausena anisata, Feronia limnonia, Lantana camera, Plectranthus amboinicus, and Tagetes erecta were screened against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. The larval mortality was observed after 12 and 24 h of exposure period. The results revealed that all the extracts showed varied levels of larvicidal activity against the mosquito species tested. However, the ethyl acetate extract of Chloroxylon swietenia showed the remarkable larvicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti, and An. stephensi. After 12 h of exposure period, the larvicidal activity was LC50 = 194.22 and LC90 = 458.83 ppm (C. quinquefasciatus), LC50 = 173.04 and LC90 = 442.73 ppm (Ae. aegypti), and LC50 = 167.28 and LC90 = 433.07 ppm (An. stephensi), and the larvicidal activity after 24-h exposure period was LC50 = 94.12 and LC90 = 249.83 ppm (C. quinquefasciatus), LC50 = 80.58 and LC90 = 200.96 ppm (Ae. aegypti), and LC50 = 76.24 and LC90 = 194.51 ppm (An. stephensi). The larvicidal potential of other plant extracts were in order of ethyl acetate extract of Clausena anisata > methanol extract of P. amboinicus > acetone extract of F. limonia > methanol extract of T. erecta > methanol extract of B. mollis > and methanol extract of L. camera. The results of the present study offer a possible way for further investigations to find out the active molecule responsible for the activity.

Live birth after PGD with confirmation by a comprehensive approach (karyomapping) for simultaneous detection of monogenic and chromosomal disorders.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for monogenic disorders has the drawback of time and cost associated with tailoring a specific test for each couple, disorder, or both. The inability of any single assay to detect the monogenic disorder in question and simultaneously the chromosomal complement of the embryo also limits its application as separate tests may need to be carried out on the amplified material. The first clinical use of a novel approach ('karyomapping') was designed to circumvent this problem. In this example, karyomapping was used to confirm the results of an existing PGD case detecting both chromosomal abnormalities and a monogenic disorder (Smith-Lemli-Opitz [SLO] syndrome) simultaneously. The family underwent IVF, ICSI and PGD, and both polar body and cleavage stage biopsy were carried out. Following whole genome amplification, array comparative genomic hybridisation of the polar bodies and minisequencing and STR analysis of single blastomeres were used to diagnose maternal aneuploidies and SLO status, respectively. This was confirmed, by karyomapping. Unlike standard PGD, karyomapping required no a-priori test development. A singleton pregnancy and live birth, unaffected with SLO syndrome and with no chromosome abnormality, ensued. Karyomapping is potentially capable of detecting a wide spectrum of monogenic and chromosome disorders and, in this context, can be considered a comprehensive approach to PGD.

Genome-wide karyomapping accurately identifies the inheritance of single-gene defects in human preimplantation embryos in vitro.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to compare the accuracy of family- or disease-specific targeted haplotyping and direct mutation-detection strategies with the accuracy of genome-wide mapping of the parental origin of each chromosome, or karyomapping, by single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of the parents, a close relative of known disease status, and the embryo cell(s) used for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of single-gene defects in a single cell or small numbers of cells biopsied from human embryos following in vitro fertilization. METHODS: Genomic DNA and whole-genome amplification products from embryo samples, which were previously diagnosed by targeted haplotyping, were genotyped for single-nucleotide polymorphisms genome-wide detection and retrospectively analyzed blind by karyomapping. RESULTS: Single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping and karyomapping were successful in 213/218 (97.7%) samples from 44 preimplantation genetic diagnosis cycles for 25 single-gene defects with various modes of inheritance distributed widely across the genome. Karyomapping was concordant with targeted haplotyping in 208 (97.7%) samples, and the five nonconcordant samples were all in consanguineous regions with limited or inconsistent haplotyping results. CONCLUSION: Genome-wide karyomapping is highly accurate and facilitates analysis of the inheritance of almost any single-gene defect, or any combination of loci, at the single-cell level, greatly expanding the range of conditions for which preimplantation genetic diagnosis can be offered clinically without the need for customized test development.

Chemical constituents and larvicidal potential of Feronia limonia leaf essential oil against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.

In the present investigation, the leaf essential oil of Feronia limonia was evaluated for chemical constituents and mosquito larvicidal activity against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. GC and GC-MS analyses revealed that the essential oil contain 51 compounds. Estragole (34.69 %) and ß-pinene(23.59 %) were identified as the major constituents followed by methyl (Z)-caryophyllene (11.05 %), eugenol (6.50 %), linalool (3.97 %), phytol (3.27 %), sabinene (2.41 %) and limonene (2.27 %). Larval mortality was observed after 12 and 24 h of exposure period. The oil showed remarkable larvicidal activity against A. stephensi (LC(50) = 38.93 and LC(90) = 108.64 ppm (after 12 h); LC(50) = 15.03 and LC(90) = 36.69 ppm (after 24 h)), A. aegypti (LC(50) = 37.60 and LC(90) = 104.69 ppm (after 12 h); LC(50) = 11.59 and LC(90) = 42.95 ppm (after 24 h)) and C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 52.08 and LC(90) = 124.33 ppm (after 12 h); LC(50) = 22.49 and LC(90) = 60.90 ppm (after 24 h)). Based on the results, the essential oil of F. limonia can be considered as a new source of larvicide for the control of vector mosquitoes.

Computational analysis of deleterious missense mutations in aspartoacylase that cause Canavan's disease.

In this work, the most detrimental missense mutations of aspartoacylase that cause Canavan's disease were identified computationally and the substrate binding efficiencies of those missense mutations were analyzed. Out of 30 missense mutations, I-Mutant 2.0, SIFT and PolyPhen programs identified 22 variants that were less stable, deleterious and damaging respectively. Subsequently, modeling of these 22 variants was performed to understand the change in their conformations with respect to the native aspartoacylase by computing their root mean squared deviation (RMSD). Furthermore, the native protein and the 22 mutants were docked with the substrate NAA (N-Acetyl-Aspartic acid) to explain the substrate binding efficiencies of those detrimental missense mutations. Among the 22 mutants, the docking studies identified that 15 mutants caused lower binding affinity for NAA than the native protein. Finally, normal mode analysis determined that the loss of binding affinity of these 15 mutants was caused by altered flexibility in the amino acids that bind to NAA compared with the native protein. Thus, the present study showed that the majority of the substrate-binding amino acids in those 15 mutants displayed loss of flexibility, which could be the theoretical explanation of decreased binding affinity between the mutant aspartoacylases and NAA.

In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of some traditionally used medicinal plants against Plasmodium falciparum.

The anti-plasmodial activity of different solvent extracts of Adhatoda vasica (root), Caesalpinia pulcherrima (leaf), Carica papaya (pulp), Erythroxylum monogynum (leaf), Lantana camara (whole plant), Ocimum sanctum (root) and Phyllanthus niruri (whole plant) were studied against Plasmodium falciparum. Of the 35 extracts tested, seven extracts showed good anti-plasmodial activity. Methanol extract of C. pulcherrima showed the lowest IC50 value (10.96 µg/mL) followed by methanol extract of A. vasica (IC(50)=11.1 µg/mL), chloroform extract of O. sanctum (IC(50)=11.47 µg/mL), methanol extract of E. monogynum (IC(50)=12.23 µg/mL), acetone extract of C. pulcherrima (IC(50)=12.49 µg/mL), methanol extract of O. sanctum and acetone extract of A. vasica (IC(50)=14.04 µg/mL). The results of the present study justify the use of these medicinal plants in traditional practice, and also, a further study on the isolation of anti-plasmodial molecules from their active crude extracts is in progress.

Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of fatty acid methyl esters from the leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum L.

OBJECTIVES: The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME extract) from Sesuvium (S.) portulacastrum was studied for its fatty acid composition and antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic microorganisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS AND RESULTS: The gas chromatographic analysis of FAME extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid with the highest relative percentage (31.18%), followed by oleic acid (21.15%), linolenic acid (14.18%) linoleic acid (10.63%), myristic acid (6.91%) and behenic acid (2.42%). The saturated fatty acids were higher than the unsaturated fatty acids. FAME extract showed the highest antibacterial and anticandidal activities and moderate antifungal activity against the tested microorganisms. The highest mean zone of inhibition (16.3 mm) and the lowest MIC (0.25 mg/ml) and MBC (0.5 mg/ml) values were recorded against Bacillus subtilis. The lowest mean zone of inhibition (8.8 mm) and the highest MIC (8 mg/ml) and MFC (16 mg/ml) values were recorded against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study justify the use of S. portulacastrum in traditional medicine and the FAME extract can be used as a potential antimicrobial agent against the tested human pathogenic microorganisms.

Mosquito larvicidal activity of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate isolated from the leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn.

The vector-borne diseases caused by mosquitoes are one of the major health problems in many countries especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The resistance of mosquitoes to synthetic chemicals and environmental toxicity created by the chemicals raised the demand for finding of alternate natural molecules that control mosquito. In the present study, a crystalline compound methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate was isolated from the methanol extract of Vitex trifolia leaves and it was identified by (1)H and (13)C NMR and single crystal X-ray diffractometer. The larvicidal potential of the isolated compound was evaluated against early 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The compound exhibited 100% larval mortality of both the mosquitoes at 20 ppm with LC(50) values of 5.77 and 4.74 ppm against C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively. The methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, which is reported for the first time to our best of knowledge from V. trifolia can be better explored for the control of mosquito population.

Arbitrarily primed PCR- a rapid and simple method for typing of leptospiral serovars.

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) for typing of leptospiral serovars. METHODS: AP-PCR was adopted for identification of laboratory strains of leptospires and leptospiral cultures at serovar level. A primer of 12 bp was used for amplifying DNA of 13 laboratory strains of leptospires as well as culture pellets of leptospires. RESULTS: Each serovar produced distinct DNA fingerprint which was characteristic for each serovar. These patterns were used for typing of 81 serum culture samples obtained from human leptospiral cases. Of these samples, 39 could be typed based on AP-PCR fingerprints belonging to serovars autumnalis, pomona, canicola, javanica, icterohaemorrhagiae, patoc and pyrogenes. These results were confirmed by RAPD fingerprinting of the DNA samples of the respective leptospiral serovars after culturing -*them in EMJH media. One of the important findings of this work was that straight culture sample could be used for AP-PCR assay, without purification of DNA. By having more number of AP-PCR reference fingerprints, more serovars could be typed. CONCLUSIONS: AP-PCR technique provides great potential for simple and rapid identification of leptospires at serovar level, which could be useful in molecular epidemiological studies of leptospirosis.

Increased incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hospitalized patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of bacterial infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied 53 male patients who had 57 episodes of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB). The incidence of SAB per 1000 hospitalized patients was 13.2 among HIV-positive male patients and 0.8 among HIV-negative male patients, yielding a 16.5-fold increase in the odds ratio for SAB among HIV-positive male patients. Almost all episodes of SAB were community acquired. Long-term indwelling catheters were the most common predisposing factor. Prior antibiotic use was more frequently associated with SAB in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients. A trend was seen among HIV-positive patients toward more numerous infections with beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant (i.e., methicillin-resistant) S. aureus, but such patients had similar outcomes, even though they often did not receive vancomycin during the initial 48 hours of treatment. A better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of SAB in HIV-positive patients will offer important opportunities for prevention of this frequent complication.

Characterization of leptospiral serovars by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting of 14 laboratory strains of leptospiral serovars (serovars australis, autumnalis, ballum, bataviae, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjoprajitno, hebdomadis, icterohaemorrhagiae, javanica, pomona, pyrogenes, panama, and tarassovi) was carried out by using a pair of primers. Each serovar had a unique and distinct fingerprint pattern. DNAs of other bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp., did not show any amplification. RAPD fingerprinting was found to be a rapid and sensitive method for serovar identification when it was compared to DNA restriction enzyme analysis, which produced a larger number of bands that made it more difficult to compare serovars.