ABSTRACT
A simple method is presented for the simultaneous determination of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in vitreous humor by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector after solid-phase extraction with Oasis® HLB cartridges and dichloromethane as eluent. The chromatographic process was carried out using an XTerra® RP8 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and pH 6.5 phosphate buffer in gradient mode. A linear response from the detector was obtained within the concentration range of 0.1-4 µg ml(-1) , with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. The limits of detection were lower than 30 ng ml(-1) for all the drugs studied, the coefficients of variation fluctuated between 0.1 and 12.4%, and the average recoveries were higher than 78% for all the drugs except for EDDP, with a value of 66.4%. Finally, the proposed method was applied to 15 vitreous humor samples coming from individuals who had died from opiate and/or cocaine overdose, showing consumption of cocaine in 14 cases, methadone in five cases and heroin in three cases. Average concentrations of 0.30 µg ml(-1) for morphine, 0.24 µg ml(-1) for 6-acetylmorphine, 0.10 µg ml(-1) for codeine, 0.81 µg ml(-1) for cocaine, 1.26 µg ml(-1) for benzoylecgonine, 0.15 µg ml(-1) for cocaethylene, 0.11 µg ml(-1) for methadone and 0.68 µg ml(-1) for EDDP were obtained.
Subject(s)
Illicit Drugs/isolation & purification , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Vitreous Body/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Cocaine/isolation & purification , Codeine/isolation & purification , Humans , Morphine Derivatives/isolation & purification , Pyrrolidines/isolation & purification , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Robust and simple validated analytical methods are required in postmortem toxicology to confirm immunoassay screening analysis of drugs of abuse. In this work, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was evaluated as an alternative method for extraction of target compounds such as cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, methadone, and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine from vitreous humor. The MAE procedure parameters, namely, extraction temperature, time, and solvent volume, were optimized using a central composite design and applying desirability functions. The optimal conditions for extraction were 80 °C, 8 min, and 15 mL of dichloromethane solvent. The MAE-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection method was validated, showing its capability for the detection of concentrations in the range from 33 to 76 ng mL(-1) and recoveries in the range from 87 to 99.3% for all drugs. The MAE-based method was tested for 15 vitreous humor samples from forensic cases and its performance was compared with that of a solid-phase extraction method previously developed by our group. In general, better recovery and precision were achieved with the use of the MAE-based procedure.
