Topical Insulin-Utility and Results in Refractory Neurotrophic Keratopathy in Stages 2 and 3.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with refractory neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) in stages 2 and 3 treated with topical insulin. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of eyes with NK in stages 2 and 3 refractory to standard medical and/or surgical treatment which were treated with topical insulin (1 unit per mL). This treatment was applied 4 times per day and was continued until the persistent epithelial defect (PED) or ulcer resolved. The primary outcome of the study was the complete reepithelialization of the PED or persistent ulcer. "Best-corrected visual acuity" pretreatment and posttreatment, "days until complete reepithelialization" data, and anterior segment photographs were obtained. Outcome measures were compared before and after treatment in both groups using paired and independent samples t tests. RESULTS: Twenty-one eyes were included in this study, and 90% achieved complete reepithelialization of the PED and/or persistent ulcer within 7 to 45 days of follow-up. The mean number of days until complete reepithelialization was significantly lower in NK stage 2 (18 ± 9 days) when compared with NK stage 3 (29 ± 11 days) ( P = 0.025). The best-corrected visual acuity improved significantly in both NK stage 2 ( P < 0.001) and NK stage 3 ( P = 0.004). No side effects were reported during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that topical insulin drops may be an effective therapeutic in refractory NK. This therapy may prove extremely useful because of its low cost and high accessibility.

Ocular manifestations of intermediate cystinosis: To treat or not to treat?

PURPOSE: To report a case of intermediate cystinosis with an atypical presentation in which a delayed non-treatment decision has been proved right over a large period of time. METHODS: This is a unique case report of a patient who underwent full ophthalmologic evaluations including anterior chamber optical coherence tomography on a regular basis during a 7-year follow-up period. RESULTS: A 30-year-old woman with photophobia was being studied by the Department of Nephrology with a suspicion of Alport syndrome. Slit-lamp examination showed iridescent deposits throughout the corneal anterior stroma and the inferior tarsal conjunctiva bilaterally. Anterior chamber optical coherence tomography showed stromal hyperreflectivity. CTNS gene was found to be positive for c.416C>T (Ser139Phe) mutation. The patient was offered oral and topical cysteamine which was refused. After a period of 5 years of follow-up, general health status remained stable, corneal disease showed no progression and photophobia complaints diminished. However, the patient was advised to start systemic and topical cysteamine because of the unknown development of the disease. CONCLUSION: In this reported case, a delayed non-treatment decision has been proved right contrary to published evidence of active treatment of photophobia. The decision whether to treat or not to treat corneal involvement of the disease is not straightforward. Besides biomicroscopic evaluations, patients' complaints and expectations should be taken into account.

Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva and the eyelid leads to the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection - a case report.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this case report is to describe a conjunctiva and eyelid Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) as the initial manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which led to the diagnosis of HIV infection. There are only 3 reported cases of ocular KS as an initial manifestation of HIV infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 32-year old white man presented to our department with a 1 month history of eye redness. The patient had an enlarged violet-coloured mass on the right superior eyelid which had evolved over the course of 1 week. There was also a mobile bulbar conjunctival lesion with a bright red colour, approximately 5 mm × 5 mm, in the superior temporal quadrant of his left eye. The lesions looked like a chalazion and a subconjunctival haemorrhage, respectivly. Presumed KS diagnosis was confirmed with HIV-1 positive testing and histopathology from tissue biopsy. The patient's CD4 count was 23/mm3 and viral RNA load 427,000/ml. Further systemic evaluation showed a diffuse sarcoma. CONCLUSION: This case report demonstrates the importance of recognizing the ocular manifestations of AIDS in establishing the correct diagnosis of KS and subsequently diagnosing occult HIV infection. Although ocular KS as the initial manifestation of HIV-AIDS is an extremely rare event, a proper diagnosis may contribute to prompt management with personal and social relevance.

Interobserver agreement on cortical tracer transit in 99mTc-MAG3 renography applied to congenital hydronephrosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate interobserver agreement on visual analysis of technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Tc-MAG3) renal tissue transit used for the evaluation of antenatal hydronephrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight Tc-MAG3 diuretic renograms were retrospectively collected between 1 and 31 December 2015. The 1-min reframed images were presented to four nuclear medicine consultants and to two nuclear medicine residents, one in the first year of the training program and the others in their fourth and final year. These observers were asked to classify the radiotracer cortical transit (normal/delayed) based solely on visual assessment of the images. For the interobserver agreement, modified Fleiss' kappa (κ) analysis for multiple raters was carried out. For both groups, percentages of agreement were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 69 kidneys were evaluated. All four nuclear medicine consultants agreed on the classification of 88.4% of the kidneys. When the agreement of at least three of the four observers was considered, the percentage of agreement reached 98.6%. The two nuclear medicine residents agreed on the classification of 69.6% of the kidneys. The modified Fleiss' κ-value was 0.88 (95% confidence interval: 0.79-0.95) for the group of nuclear medicine consultants, indicating almost perfect agreement. For the residents, it was 0.39 (95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.59), suggesting fair agreement. CONCLUSION: Our results seem to indicate that there is an almost perfect agreement in the qualitative identification of delayed cortical transit among physicians with experience at observing renographic images.

Biomicroscopia ultrassônica na viscocanalostomia / Ultrasound biomicroscopy in viscocanalostomy

OBJETIVO: Estudar por biomicroscopia ultrassônica (UBM) de alta frequência as características anatômicas da viscocanalostomia, e a relação dessas características com a redução da pressão intraocular. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, que incluiu nove olhos (sete pacientes) submetidos à viscocanalostomia, e posteriormente examinados por UBM de alta frequência (80 MHz). Os parâmetros da UBM avaliados após um follow-up mínimo de seis meses foram: presença de espaço intraescleral, comprimento e altura máximos do espaço intraescleral, e a espessura mínima da membrana trabéculo-descemética (MTD) residual. O sucesso cirúrgico definiu-se como pressão intraocular (PIO) <22mmHg ou redução de 20% da PIO sem medicação tópica. Possíveis associações entre as variáveis da UBM e o resultado cirúrgico foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio entre a cirurgia e a realização da UBM foi de 15,5 ± 8,8 meses (6 - 29 meses). Verificou-se uma redução da PIO de 23,5 ± 6,9 mmHg (13,7-32,0) pré-operatória para 14,5 ± 2,4 mmHg (10,7-17,3) pós-operatória (p<0,05). Identificou-se a presença de espaço intraescleral em todos os olhos. A média do comprimento máximo do espaço intraescleral era 1,83 ± 0,51mm; a média da altura máxima do espaço intraescleral era 0,36 ± 0,17mm; e a média da espessura mínima da MTD era 0,14 ± 0,07mm. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o valor da PIO pós-operatória e o comprimento do espaço intraescleral (r²=0,359), a altura do espaço intraescleral (r²=0,017) e a espessura da MTD (r²=0,003). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes submetidos à viscocanalostomia, a UBM após um follow-up mínimo de seis meses identificou o espaço intraescleral em todos os olhos. Não se encontrou qualquer correlação estatisticamente significativa entre os valores de PIO pós-operatória e as características anatômicas do espaço intraescleral.

PURPOSE: To evaluate by high frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) the anatomical characteristics of viscocanalostomy and their relationship with the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering. METHODS: A transversal study which included 9 eyes (7 patients) undergoing viscocanalostomy and examined by high frequency UBM (80 MHz). Several UBM variables were evaluated, including the presence of the intrascleral space, the maximum length and height of the intrascleral space and the minimum thickness of residual trabeculo-Descemet membrane (TDM). Surgical success was considered to be achieved when IOP was <22mmHg or the IOP was lowered 20% or more without the use of any medication. The possible association between UBM variables and the surgical outcome was determined. RESULTS: The mean time between surgery and the UBM examination was 15.5 ± 8.8 months (range 6-29). The mean IOP decreased from a preoperative value of 23.5 ± 6.9 mmHg (range 13.7-32.0) to 14.5 ± 2.4 mmHg (range 10.7-17.3) postoperative (p<0.05). The presence of an intrascleral space was a constant finding. The mean length of the intrascleral space was 1.83 ± 0.51mm, the mean height was 0,36 ± 0,17mm; and the mean TDM thickness was 0.14 ± 0.07mm. There were a poor correlation between the level of IOP at the time of UBM and the lenght of the intrascleral space (r²=0.359), the height of the intrascleral space (r²=0.017) or the thickness of the remaining TDM (r²=0.003). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing viscocanalostomy, UBM examination after a minimum of 6-month follow-up period showed the presence of an intrascleral space in all patients. There was no statiscally significant relationship between the level of IOP and the anatomical characteristics of the intrascleral space.