Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats as an experimental model of brain ischemia / Modelo experimental de isquemia cerebral em ratos por obliteração temporária da artéria cerebral média

PURPOSE: To assess a rat model of cerebral ischemia induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and its effect on the area of cerebral infarction. METHODS: Brain ischemia was induced in 52 male Wistar rats by introduction of a 3-0 nylon suture into the middle cerebral artery for either 90 (n=28) or 120 (n=24) minutes. Ischemic injury volume was determined by TTC staining, digital photography and analysis with the Image J software. Statistical analysis employed Student’s t test and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The groups were similar in terms of weight (p=0.59). The length of thread inserted was 14.7 mm in the 90 min group and 20.2 mm in the 120 min group (p=0.37). Ischemic injury was detected in 11 animals (39 percent) after 90 min and 11 (45 percent) after 120 min (p=0.77). In animals exhibiting injury, filament length was 16.1±11 mm (90 min) vs. 21.9±7.4 mm (120 min) (p=0.15). The mean infarction zone volume was greater after 120 (259.2 mm³) than after 90 min (162.9 mm³) (p=0.04). The neurological deficit score for the 90 and 120 min groups was 2.0 and 2.4, respectively (p=0.84). CONCLUSION: The experimental model induced significant ischemic cerebral injury in both groups.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o modelo de isquemia cerebral por oclusão da artéria cerebral média, mediante introdução de fio intraluminal por 90 e 120 minutos, e seu efeito sobre a área de infarto cerebral em ratos. MÉTODOS: 52 ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos à isquemia cerebral por introdução de fio de nylon 3-0 na artéria cerebral média por 90 ou 120 minutos. O volume da lesão isquêmica foi determinado pelo corante TTC, fotografia digital e utilização do programa ImageJ. Na análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste t- student e o U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: O comprimento do fio introduzido foi de 14,7 mm no grupo 90 minutos e 20,2 mm no grupo 120 minutos. Lesão isquêmica foi detectada em 11 animais (39 por cento) no grupo que de 90 minutos e 11 (45 por cento) do grupo de 120 minutos. Nos animais que apresentaram lesão, o comprimento do fio foi de 16,1±11 mm (90 minutos) e 21,9±7,4 mm (120 minutos). O volume médio da área de infarto foi maior no grupo 120 minutos do que no grupo 90 minutos. O escore de déficit neurológico foi de 2,0 no grupo 90 minutos e de 2,4 no grupo 120 minutos. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo experimental estudado induz lesão isquêmica cerebral significativa em ambos os grupos.

Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats as an experimental model of brain ischemia / Modelo experimental de isquemia cerebral em ratos por obliteração temporária da artéria cerebral média

PURPOSE: To assess a rat model of cerebral ischemia induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and its effect on the area of cerebral infarction. METHODS: Brain ischemia was induced in 52 male Wistar rats by introduction of a 3-0 nylon suture into the middle cerebral artery for either 90 (n=28) or 120 (n=24) minutes. Ischemic injury volume was determined by TTC staining, digital photography and analysis with the Image J software. Statistical analysis employed Student's t test and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The groups were similar in terms of weight (p=0.59). The length of thread inserted was 14.7 mm in the 90 min group and 20.2 mm in the 120 min group (p=0.37). Ischemic injury was detected in 11 animals (39 percent) after 90 min and 11 (45 percent) after 120 min (p=0.77). In animals exhibiting injury, filament length was 16.1±11 mm (90 min) vs. 21.9±7.4 mm (120 min) (p=0.15). The mean infarction zone volume was greater after 120 (259.2 mm³) than after 90 min (162.9 mm³) (p=0.04). The neurological deficit score for the 90 and 120 min groups was 2.0 and 2.4, respectively (p=0.84). CONCLUSION: The experimental model induced significant ischemic cerebral injury in both groups.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o modelo de isquemia cerebral por oclusão da artéria cerebral média, mediante introdução de fio intraluminal por 90 e 120 minutos, e seu efeito sobre a área de infarto cerebral em ratos. MÉTODOS: 52 ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos à isquemia cerebral por introdução de fio de nylon 3-0 na artéria cerebral média por 90 ou 120 minutos. O volume da lesão isquêmica foi determinado pelo corante TTC, fotografia digital e utilização do programa ImageJ. Na análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste t- student e o U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: O comprimento do fio introduzido foi de 14,7 mm no grupo 90 minutos e 20,2 mm no grupo 120 minutos. Lesão isquêmica foi detectada em 11 animais (39 por cento) no grupo que de 90 minutos e 11 (45 por cento) do grupo de 120 minutos. Nos animais que apresentaram lesão, o comprimento do fio foi de 16,1±11 mm (90 minutos) e 21,9±7,4 mm (120 minutos). O volume médio da área de infarto foi maior no grupo 120 minutos do que no grupo 90 minutos. O escore de déficit neurológico foi de 2,0 no grupo 90 minutos e de 2,4 no grupo 120 minutos. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo experimental estudado induz lesão isquêmica cerebral significativa em ambos os grupos.(AU)

Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats as an experimental model of brain ischemia.

PURPOSE: To assess a rat model of cerebral ischemia induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and its effect on the area of cerebral infarction. METHODS: Brain ischemia was induced in 52 male Wistar rats by introduction of a 3-0 nylon suture into the middle cerebral artery for either 90 (n=28) or 120 (n=24) minutes. Ischemic injury volume was determined by TTC staining, digital photography and analysis with the Image J software. Statistical analysis employed Student's t test and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The groups were similar in terms of weight (p=0.59). The length of thread inserted was 14.7 mm in the 90 min group and 20.2 mm in the 120 min group (p=0.37). Ischemic injury was detected in 11 animals (39%) after 90 min and 11 (45%) after 120 min (p=0.77). In animals exhibiting injury, filament length was 16.1 ± 11 mm (90 min) vs. 21.9 ± 7.4 mm (120 min) (p=0.15). The mean infarction zone volume was greater after 120 (259.2 mm³) than after 90 min (162.9 mm³) (p=0.04). The neurological deficit score for the 90 and 120 min groups was 2.0 and 2.4, respectively (p=0.84). CONCLUSION: The experimental model induced significant ischemic cerebral injury in both groups.

Perinatal transmission of human papilomavirus DNA.

The purpose was to study the perinatal transmission of human papillomavirus DNA (HPV-DNA) in 63 mother-newborn pairs, besides looking at the epidemiological factors involved in the viral DNA transmission. The following sampling methods were used: (1) in the pregnant woman, when was recruited, in cervix and clinical lesions of the vagina, vulva and perineal region; (2) in the newborn, (a) buccal, axillary and inguinal regions; (b) nasopharyngeal aspirate, and (c) cord blood; (3) in the children, buccal was repeated in the 4th week and 6th and 12th month of life. HPV-DNA was identified using two methodologies: multiplex PCR (PGMY09 and MY11 primers) and nested-PCR (genotypes 6/11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52 and 58). Perinatal transmission was considered when concordance was found in type-specific HPV between mother/newborn or mother/child. HPV-DNA genital was detected in 49 pregnant women submitted to delivery. Eleven newborns (22.4%, n = 11/49) were HPV-DNA positive. In 8 cases (16.3%, n = 8/49) there was type specific HPV concordance between mother/newborn samples. At the end of the first month of life three children (6.1%, n = 3/49) became HPV-DNA positive, while two remained positive from birth. In 3 cases (100%, n = 3/3) there was type specific HPV concordance between mother/newborn samples. In the 6th month, a child (2%, n = 1/49) had become HPV-DNA positive between the 1st and 6th month of life, and there was type specific HPV concordance of mother/newborn samples. All the HPV-DNA positive children (22.4%, n = 11/49) at birth and at the end first month of life (6.1%, n = 3/49) became HPV-DNA negative at the age of 6 months. The HPV-DNA positive child (2%, n = 1/49) from 1st to the 6th month of life became HPV-DNA negative between the 6th and 12th month of life and one child had anogenital warts. In the twelfth month all (100%, n = 49/49) the children studied were HPV-DNA negative. A positive and significant correlation was observed between perinatal transmission of HPV-DNA and the immunodepression of maternal variables (HIV, p = 0.007). Finally, the study suggests that perinatal transmission of HPV-DNA occurred in 24.5% (n = 12/49) of the cases studied.

High prevalence of human papillomavirus type 58 in patients with cervical pre-malignant lesions in southern Brazil.

Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women worldwide. Several human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, sexual behavior, and socioeconomic profile represent major risk factors for the development of this carcinoma. Cervical invasive cancer is preceded by cellular abnormalities that can be identified by cytological or histological exams. In order to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HPV in women with abnormal cytology or histopathology, cervical cell samples from 256 patients were evaluated for the presence of HPV/DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by virus genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). A total of 113 samples (51.2%) were HPV/DNA positive. Viral genotyping showed that the most prevalent genotypes were HPV 16 (34.7%) and 58 (13.8%), followed by HPV 33 (9.72%), 11 (8.33%), 18 (5.55%), 53 (5.55%), and 6 (4.2%). Four samples (5.55%) exhibited multiple infections due to the great similarity of socioeconomic characteristics and sexual behavior of HPV positive women, it was not possible to establish a risk profile for female HPV infection.

Transplacental transmission of Human Papillomavirus.

This paper aimed at studying the transplacental transmission of HPV and looking at the epidemiological factors involved in maternal viral infection. The following sampling methods were used: (1) in the pregnant woman, (a) genital; (b) peripheral blood; (2) in the newborn, (a) oral cavity, axillary and inguinal regions; (b) nasopharyngeal aspirate, and (c) cord blood; (3) in the placenta. The HPV DNA was identified using two methods: multiplex PCR of human beta-globin and of HPV using the PGMY09 and PGMY11 primers; and nested-PCR, which combines degenerated primers of the E6/E7 regions of the HPV virus, that allowed the identification of genotypes 6/11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52 and 58. Transplacental transmission was considered when type-specific HPV concordance was found between the mother, the placenta and the newborn or the mother and cord blood. The study included 49 HPV DNA-positive pregnant women at delivery. Twelve placentas (24.5%, n = 12/49) had a positive result for HPV DNA. Eleven newborn were HPV DNA positive in samples from the nasopharyngeal or buccal and body or cord blood. In 5 cases (10.2%, n = 5/49) there was HPV type-specific agreement between genital/placenta/newborn samples. In one case (2%, n = 1/49) there was type specific HPV concordance between genital/cord blood and also suggested transplacental transmission. A positive and significant correlation was observed between transplacental transmission of HPV infection and the maternal variables of immunodepression history (HIV, p = 0.011). In conclusion the study suggests placental infection in 23.3% of the cases studied and transplacental transmission in 12.2%. It is suggested that in future HPV DNA be researched in the normal endometrium of women of reproductive age. The possible consequence of fetal exposure to HPV should be observed.

Avaliação imunoistoquímica da proteína ciclooxigenase-2 nas neoplasias colorretais e sua relação com fatores patológicos prognósticos / Immunohistochemical evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal neoplasias and relationship with pathological factors in prognosis

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência da proteína ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) nas neoplasias colorretais e sua relação com os parâmetros patológicos prognósticos para o câncer colorretal. MÉTODO: 65 lesões neoplásicas colorretais foram avaliadas através de imunoistoquímica para a presença de COX-2, também foram analisados fatores patológicos prognósticos e estadiamento das lesões. RESULTADOS: A COX-2 expressou-se positivamente em 27 por cento dos adenomas tubulares, 40 por cento dos adenomas vilosos e 70 por cento nos carcinomas. Diferença estatisticamente significante foi obtida na expressão da COX-2 entre adenomas e carcinomas, porém não houve significância nas demais variáveis estudadas. CONCLUSÃO: A expressão da COX-2 parece variar progressivamente com a progressão da lesão neoplásica, mas não influencia os parâmetros patológicos de mau prognóstico.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colorectal neoplasia and to establish the relationship with pathological factors in the prognosis of colorectal cancer. METHODS: 65 colorectal neoplastic lesions were investigated by immunohistochemistry for the expression of COX-2, along with the pathological factors in prognosis and staging of lesions. RESULTS: COX-2 was positively expressed in 27 percent of tubular adenomas, 40 percent of villous adenomas, and 70 percent of carcinomas. A statistically significant difference was observed among COX-2 expression in adenomas and carcinomas, but such significance was not seen among the other variables studied. CONCLUSION: COX-2 expression seems to correlate positively with the progression of neoplasias, yet with no influence on the pathological patterns of poor prognosis.

Estudo da ploidia do DNA em adenomas colorretais / Study of DNA ploidy in colorectal adenomas

Objetivo: Analisar a ploidia do DNA em adenomas colorretais a fim de identificar a presença de aneuploidia como sendo um marcador de malignidade. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, prospectivo, realizado no Serviço de Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital Geral da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, durante o período de junho de 2002 a 2004. Foram incluídos os pólipos adenomatosos de 22 pacientes submetidos a exames colonoscópicos. As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, idade, tamanho do pólipo, tipo histopatológico e grau de displasia. Resultados: Alterações na ploidia do DNAforam vistas em 13 casos (59,09%). Todos os pacientes com displasia acentuada (n = 3) tinham estudo da ploidia de seu DNAanormal (p = 0,01). Em77,77% dos pólipos com displasia moderada (n = 7) verificou-se aneuploidia (p < 0,05). Emrelação ao diâmetro dos adenomas, verificou-se correlação positiva com a ocorrência de aneuploidia (p = 0,001). A comparação entre tipo histológico e aneuploidia não foi significativa.Conclusão: Adeterminação da aneuploidia tem sua utilidade como marcador biológico do potencial oncogênico dos adenomas colorretais. No presente estudo, em concordância com a literatura, a relação entre grau de displasia, diâmetro do adenoma e aneuploidia foi estatisticamente significativa.

Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma presenting as vaginal nodule.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma is a rare neoplasm of the uterus. Extrauterine locations of this neoplasm, excluding metastases or local extension, are even more unusual and are usually associated with the presence of endometriosis. The authors report a case of endometrial stromal sarcoma presenting as a vaginal wall nodule, without any sign of primary uterine tumor after extensive evaluation or presence of endometriosis. The morphology, immunohistochemical profile, differential diagnoses, and pathogenesis are discussed, as well as a review of the literature on this issue.

Granuloma eosinofílico solitário de coluna cervical: relato de caso e revisäo da literatura / Solitary eosinophilic granuloma in the cervical spine: case report and literature review

Os autores apresentam relato de caso de criança portadora de granuloma cosinofílico solitário localizado em coluna cervical ao nível de C3. Realizam ainda revisão da literatura, salientando aspectos como características clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento desse tipo de lesão.

Mola hidatiforme. Avliaçäo da ploidia do DNA e da significância prognóstica através da citometria digital. Estudos preliminares / Hydatidiform mole. DNA ploidy patterns evaluation and prognostic significance by cell image analysis. Preliminary studies

A análise do DNA obtida através da Citometria Digital ou pela Citometria de Fluxo tem sido relacionada como um novo indicador prognóstico em caso de tumores malignos. A aneuploidia do DNA tem sido associada com prognósticos menos favoráveis quando comparada a tumores diplóides. Aplicando-se a técnica à Neoplasia Trofoblástica Gestacional temos que a ploidia tornou-se importante critério diagnóstico para distinguir-se as molas hidatiformes completas das parciais.

Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma: clinical, surgical and pathological presentation

The clinical, surgical and pathological features of a case of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma (benign sclerosing pneumocytoma) are presented. We emphasize the fact that the clinical presentation of this rare benign tumor is mostly as a solitary tumor and therefore enters the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodule.

Incidência do carcinoma gástrico em uma amostra de exames histopáticos em Caxias do Sul / Incidence of gastric carcinoma in an histopathological examination sample in Caxias do Sul

Os autores apresentam a incidência do carcinoma gástrico em um período de 3 anos (1991-1993), durante o qual foram avaliados 3.855 exames histopatológicos de estômago (biópsias e gastrectomias). No trabalho sao analisadas a distribuiçao das neoplasias por sexo, idade, diferenciaçao histológica e estágio de neoplasia.

Citologia por punçäo aspirativa com agulha fina de nódulos da tireóide: análise de 271 casos estudados / Cytology by fine needle aspiration puncture of thyroid nodes: analysis of 271 cases

A doença nodular da tireóide representa uma forma de apresentaçao freqüente de patologia tireoidéa e pode corresponder a uma gama variada de entidades clinicopatológicas, algumas das quais necessitam somente de tratamento clínico conservador e outras de tratamento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo salientar o papel da citopatologia usando esfregaços obtidos através de punçao com agulha fina, como método para o diagnóstico diferencial entre as lesoes malignas e benignas da tireóide. Foram analisados 271 exames citopatológicos obtidos de lesoes tireoidéas de pacientes da Regiao Nordeste do Estado do RS. A análise dos resultados possibilita verificar que a citologia por punçao aspirativa com agulha fina é um método simples e eficaz na avaliaçao e manejo dos nódulos da tireóide.

Hemoperitônio espontâneo por ruptura de carcinoma hepático primário em fígado cirrótico tratado por hepatectomia esquerda / Spontaneous hemoperitoneum by ruptura of primary hepatic carcinoma in a cirrhotic liver treated with left hepatectomy

Os autores apresentam o caso de um paciente de 62 anos de idade com hemoperitônio espontâneo devido à ruptura de carcinoma hepatocelular associado à cirrose hepática. É relatada a pouca freqüência dessa complicaçao e discutido o melhor tratamento a ser empregado que, nesse caso foi a hepatectomia lateral esquerda.

Punçäo aspirativa por agulha fina em lesöes das glândulas salivares: análise da experiência do uso do método na literatura / Aspiration puncture by fine needle in salivary gland injuries: analysis of experience of the use of the method in the literature

Os autores fazem uma análise da validade do método de punçao aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) no diagnóstico diferencial das lesoes das glândulas salivares através da revisao dos resultados publicados na literatura.

Germinoma da glândula pineal / Pineal gland germinoma

Os autores apresentam um caso de germinoma da glândula pineal tratado por remoçao cirúrgica e radioterapia. Os tumores da pineal ocupam um segmento relativamente pequeno, aproximadamente 0,5 por cento dos tumores intracranianos. Sao discutidas as características clínicas, patológicas e cirúrgicas e tratamento complementar com radioterapia.