Factors affecting recruitment and retention of community health workers in a newborn care intervention in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Well-trained and highly motivated community health workers (CHWs) are critical for delivery of many community-based newborn care interventions. High rates of CHW attrition undermine programme effectiveness and potential for implementation at scale. We investigated reasons for high rates of CHW attrition in Sylhet District in north-eastern Bangladesh. METHODS: Sixty-nine semi-structured questionnaires were administered to CHWs currently working with the project, as well as to those who had left. Process documentation was also carried out to identify project strengths and weaknesses, which included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, review of project records (i.e. recruitment and resignation), and informal discussion with key project personnel. RESULTS: Motivation for becoming a CHW appeared to stem primarily from the desire for self-development, to improve community health, and for utilization of free time. The most common factors cited for continuing as a CHW were financial incentive, feeling needed by the community, and the value of the CHW position in securing future career advancement. Factors contributing to attrition included heavy workload, night visits, working outside of one's home area, familial opposition and dissatisfaction with pay. CONCLUSIONS: The framework presented illustrates the decision making process women go through when deciding to become, or continue as, a CHW. Factors such as job satisfaction, community valuation of CHW work, and fulfilment of pre-hire expectations all need to be addressed systematically by programs to reduce rates of CHW attrition.

Invasive pneumococcal disease among children in rural Bangladesh: results from a population-based surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is recognized as a global priority public health problem, and conjugate vaccines have been shown to prevent vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children. However, better estimates of the disease burden and reliable population-based data on serotype composition are needed for vaccine development and implementation in developing countries. METHODS: We initiated a population-based surveillance in the rural Bangladesh community of Mirzapur, covering a population of approximately 144,000. Village health care workers made weekly visits to approximately 12,000 children 1-59 months of age in the study area. Children with reported fever, cough, or difficulty breathing were assessed by the village health care workers using a clinical algorithm and were referred to the hospital if required. Children from the study area who were seen in the hospital underwent clinical examination and laboratory testing if they met standardized case definitions. IPD was confirmed by blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid culture results. Isolates were identified, tested for susceptibility to antibiotics, and serotyped in accordance with standard laboratory methods. We present here the results from the first 3 years of the surveillance (July 2004-June 2007). RESULTS: Village health care workers identified 5020 cases of possible severe pneumonia and/or very severe disease (165 cases per 1000 child-years)and 9411 cases of possible pneumonia (310 cases per 1000 child-years) as well as 2029 cases of suspected meningitis and/or very severe disease (67 cases per 1000 child-years) and 8967 cases of high fever and/or possible bacteremia (295 cases per 1000 child-years). Pneumonia was the single most common form of illness observed among 2596 hospitalizations (found in 977 [38%] of cases). We recovered 26 S. pneumoniae isolates (25 isolates from 6925 blood cultures and 1 isolate from 41 cerebrospinal fluid cultures), which gave an overall IPD incidence of 86 cases per 100,000 child-years. Invasive pneumococcal infection was common during infancy (with infants accounting for 23 of the 26 cases), and 50% of the total isolates were obtained from nonhospitalized patients who received a diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection and fever. The most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes were serotypes 1, 5, 14, 18C, 19A, and 38. Ten of the 26 isolates were completely resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and another 10 isolates had intermediate resistance. CONCLUSIONS: IPD contributes substantially to childhood morbidity in rural Bangladesh. S. pneumoniae can cause invasive but nonsevere disease in children, and IPD incidence can be seriously under reported if such cases are overlooked. The emerging high resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be addressed. Data on serotype distribution would help to guide appropriate pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulation.

Patterns of maternal care seeking behaviours in rural Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: Seeking care from a basic or comprehensive facility in response to obstetric complications is a key behaviour promoted in safe motherhood programmes. This study examined definitions of care seeking for maternal health complications used by families in rural Bangladesh, and the frequency and determinants of locally-defined care seeking practices. METHODS: We conducted 24 semi-structured qualitative interviews with women who had recently given birth to characterize care seeking behaviours in response to perceived complications. Based on these findings, a quantitative household questionnaire was developed and administered to 1490 women, half of whom reported a 'serious or very serious' complication during their last pregnancy and/or delivery (n=769; 52%), and were included in the quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Informants described three care seeking patterns in qualitative interviews: (i) sending a family member to purchase treatment to administer in the home; (ii) sending for a provider to treat the woman in the home and (iii) taking the woman outside the home to a facility or provider's office. The quantitative survey revealed that most women sought care for 'serious' complications (86%), with 42% seeking multiple sources of care. The majority of women purchased a treatment to administer at home (68%), while 20% brought a provider to the home. Thirty per cent of women were taken to a provider or facility. CONCLUSIONS: Families generally seek care for complications, but care seeking does not correspond to definitions used by maternal health programmes. Local definitions of care seeking must be considered in intervention design so that promotion of care seeking increases for facility-based care for life-threatening emergencies rather than unintentionally increasing the use of home-based treatments of little medical value for prevention of mortality.