A versatile and convenient protocol for the stereocontrolled synthesis of olefinic insect pheromones.

A combination of the Horner-Emmons synthesis of alkyl 2,4-dienoates with their hydrogenation over complex L.Cr(CO)3 catalysts (L = 3CO or arene) provides a versatile, stereocontrolled and operationally simple approach to the (Z)-disubstituted, (Z)-trisubstituted, (E)-trisubstituted alkenes and skipped (Z,Z)-disubstituted diolefins with a homoallylic type of functionally. This protocol, sometimes supplemented by an enzymatic hydrolysis, was successfully applied to the synthesis of configurationally pure (gp > or = 98%) pheromones of the furniture carpet beetle, dry bean beetle, rusty grain beetle, square-necked grain beetle and a trail-following pheromone mimic for subterranean termites.

Volume and ion regulating renal functions in the big gerbil (Rhombomys opimus L.) and the water vole (Arvicola terrestris L.).

1. After iso-osmotic salt loading (1% NaCl, 1.25% KCl, 0.75% MgCl2 solutions, each load making up 5% body weight) the water voles excreted 66.2% sodium, 84.4% potassium, 18.8% magnesium over a 4 hr period. The big gerbil excreted 20%, 58.9% and 7.1% respectively over the same period. The volume of the water excreted was greater in the case of the water vole. 2. There were no considerable changes in plasma ion concentration in rodents of the species studied after salt loading. 3. The gerbils and water voles had no significant changes in the renal cortex electrolyte concentrations as a result of isotonic salt loads. The highest sodium cortico-papillar gradient was found in the gerbils when experimenting with the isotonic NaCl loading. It was somewhat lower with the KCl load, and significantly lower with water and MgCl2 loads. 4. Under the same experimental conditions, no major changes in the papilla sodium concentration were found in the water voles. 5. The concentrations of potassium, calcium and magnesium were practically alike in all zones of the renal tissue of both rodent species, ion loads producing no effect. 6. The comparison of the renal volume and ion regulating function in rodents with different urine osmotic concentration systems proves the independent existence of renal functions. The greater rate of renal fluid and ion excretion in the water voles is coupled with less specific ion regulation.