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1.
Vopr Virusol ; 61(2): 69-73, 2016.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27451498

ABSTRACT

Studies of the primary cultures of granulocytes, mononuclear, and monocyte-macrophage cells derived from human blood were performed using variola virus (VARV) in the doses of 0.001-0.021 PFU/cell (plaques-forming units per cell). Positive dynamics of the virus accumulation was observed only in the monocyte-macrophages with maximum values of virus concentration (5.0-5.5 Ig PFU/ml) mainly within six days after the infection. The fact of VARV replication in the monocyte-macrophages was confirmed by the data of electron microscopy. At the same time, virus vaccines when tested in doses 3.3 and 4.2 Ig PFU/ml did not show the ability to reproduce in these human cells. The people sensitivity to VARV as assessed from the data obtained on human monocyte-macrophages corresponded to -1 PFU (taking into account the smooth interaction of the virus in the body to the cells of this type), which is consistent to previously found theoretical data on the virus sensitivity. The human susceptibility to VARV assessed experimentally can be used to predict the adequacy of developed smallpox models (in vivo) based on susceptible animals. This is necessary for reliable assessment of the efficiency of development of drugs for treatment and prophylaxis of the smallpox.


Subject(s)
Macrophages/virology , Smallpox/prevention & control , Variola virus/physiology , Virion/growth & development , Adult , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Granulocytes/immunology , Humans , Macrophages/ultrastructure , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Organ Specificity , Primary Cell Culture , Smallpox/blood , Smallpox/immunology , Smallpox/virology , Smallpox Vaccine/pharmacology , Variola virus/ultrastructure , Virion/ultrastructure , Virus Replication
2.
Vopr Virusol ; 61(2): 79-84, 2016.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27451500

ABSTRACT

Mice of the ICR outbred population were infected intranasally (i/n) with the variola virus (VARV, strain Ind-3a). Clinical signs of the disease did not appear even at the maximum possible dose of the virus 5.2 lg PFU/head (plaque-forming units per head). In this case, 50% infective dose (ID50) of VARV estimated by the presence or absence of the virus in the lungs three days after infection (p.i.) was equal to 2.7 ± 0.4 lg PFU/head. Taking into account the 10% application of the virus in the lungs during the intranasal infection of the mice, it was adequate to 1.7 lg PFU/lungs. This indicates a high infectivity of the VARV for mice comparable to its infectivity for humans. After the i/n infection of mice with the VARV at a dose 30 ID50/ head the highest concentration of the virus detected in the lungs (4.9 ± 0.0 lg PFU/ml of homogenate) and in nasal cavity tissues (4.8 ± 0.0 lg PFU/ml) were observed. The pathomorphological changes in the respiratory organs of the mice infected with the VARV appeared at 3-5 days p.i., and the VARV reproduction noted in the epithelial cells and macrophages were noticed. When the preparations ST-246 and NIOCH-14 were administered orally at a dose of 60 µg/g of mouse weight up to one day before infection, after 2 hours, 1 and 2 days p.i., the VARV reproduction in the lungs after 3 days p.i. decreased by an order of magnitude. Thus, outbred ICR mice infected with the VARV can be used as a laboratory model of the smallpox when evaluating the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of the antismallpox drugs.


Subject(s)
Alkenes/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Benzamides/pharmacology , Hydrazines/pharmacology , Isoindoles/pharmacology , Smallpox/drug therapy , Variola virus/drug effects , Administration, Intranasal , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Epithelial Cells/virology , Humans , Lung/drug effects , Lung/pathology , Lung/virology , Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects , Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology , Macrophages, Alveolar/virology , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Smallpox/pathology , Smallpox/virology , Variola virus/physiology , Viral Load/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effects
3.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 63(5): e419-30, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25597343

ABSTRACT

As a result of the conducted experimental studies on intranasal challenge of ICR mice, rabbits and miniature pigs (even in the maximum variant) with the doses of 4.0-5.5 lg PFU of monkeypox virus (MPXV), some clinical signs such as purulent conjunctivitis, blepharitis and ruffled fur were found only in mice. The 50% infective dose (C ID50 ) of MPXV for these animals estimated by the presence of external clinical signs was 4.8 lg PFU, and L ID50 estimated by the virus presence in the lungs of mice 7 days post-infection taking into account its 10% application in the animal respiratory tract was 1.4 lg PFU. When studying the dynamics of MPXV propagation in mice challenged intranasally with 25 L ID50 of MPXV, the maximum pathogen accumulation was revealed in nasal cavity, lungs and brain: 5.7 ± 0.1, 5.5 ± 0.1 and 5.3 ± 0.3 lg PFU/ml, respectively. The pathomorphological examination of these animals revealed the presence and replication of the pathogen in the traditional primary target cells for MPXV (mononuclear phagocyte system cells and respiratory tract epitheliocytes) as well as in some other types of cells (endothelial cells, reticular cells, connective tissue cells). Our use of these animals to assess the antiviral efficacy of some drugs demonstrated the agreement of the results (a significant positive effect of NIOCH-14 and ST-246) with those described in scientific literature, which opens up the prospects of using ICR mice as animal models for monkeypox to develop preventive antismallpox drugs.


Subject(s)
Mice, Inbred ICR/virology , Monkeypox virus , Mpox (monkeypox)/veterinary , Animals , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Disease Susceptibility/veterinary , Mpox (monkeypox)/drug therapy
4.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25842954

ABSTRACT

AIM: Study pharmacodynamic parameters of anti-viral effectiveness of a chemical compound NIOC-14 in experiments in mice infected with ectromelia virus (EV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: EV (K-1 strain) was obtained from the State Collection of Viral Infections and Rickettsioses Causative Agents of the State Scientific Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector". Outbred ICR mice were intranasally infected with EV at a dose of 10 LD50 per animal (10 x 50% lethal doses/animal) and per orally received NIOC-14 or ST-246 as a positive control. Chemical compound NIOC-14 (7-[N'-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-hidrazincarbonyl]-tricyclo[3.2.2.0(2,4)]non-8-en-6-carbonic acid) was synthesized in Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (NIOC). Anti-pox preparation ST-246, developed by SIGA Technologies Inc. (USA), was synthesized in NIOC using the technique described by the authors. RESULTS: 50% effective doses against EV in vivo were shown not to differ significantly between the preparations NIOC-14 (3.59 µg/g mouse mass) and ST-246 (5.08 µg/g mouse mass). During determination of therapeutic window, administration of NIOC-14 to mice 1 day or 1 hour before EV infection, as well as 1, 2 and 4 days after EV infection and then for 9 days was found to ensure 100% animal survival. Administration of NIOC-14 as well as ST-246 resulted in the decrease relative to control of EV titers in lungs, nasal cavity, brains, liver, spleen, kidneys and pancreas. CONCLUSION: Anti-viral effectiveness of NIOC-14 against EV in vivo was thus comparable by all the studied pharmacodynamic parameters with anti-viral activity of anti-pox-virus preparation ST-246.


Subject(s)
Alkenes/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Ectromelia virus/drug effects , Ectromelia, Infectious/drug therapy , Hydrazines/administration & dosage , Animals , Benzamides/administration & dosage , Ectromelia virus/pathogenicity , Ectromelia, Infectious/prevention & control , Ectromelia, Infectious/virology , Humans , Isoindoles/administration & dosage , Liver/drug effects , Liver/virology , Mice , Spleen/drug effects , Spleen/virology
5.
Vopr Virusol ; 60(6): 37-41, 2015.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27024916

ABSTRACT

In experimental study the sensitivity of the Marmota bobak species to the monkeypox virus (MPXV) with the intranasal (i/n) infection was tested. It was demonstrated that 50% of the infective dose (ID50) of the MPXV on external clinical signs of the disease was 2.2 Ig plaque forming units (PFU). The percentage of the marmot mortality is slightly dependent on the infecting dose of the MPXV, therefore it is not possible to correctly determine the value of 50 % fatal dose (FD50) for these animals. The most pronounced external clinical signs of the disease were obtained in the marmots: pox-like skin rash throughout the surface of the body and mucous membranes, purulent discharge from the nose, lymphadenitis, discoordination, tremor of the extremities, fever, increased aggression, and ruffled fur. In the course of experiments intended to determine the dynamics of the accumulation of the MPXV in various organs, tissues, and blood serum of marmot infected i/n with dose of 3.7 Ig PFU, it was found that the trachea, lungs, and the bifurcation lymph nodes are the primary target organs. The trachea, lungs, nasal mucosa membrane, and skin are the organs with maximal virus replication recorded at 5, 7, 9, and 12 days after the infection. The transfer of the MPXV into the secondary target organs (nasal mucosa membrane, brain, spleen, duodenum, adrenal glands, and skin) was carried out in marmots with lymphogenic and hematogenic ways of the dissemination of the infection.


Subject(s)
Monkeypox virus/pathogenicity , Mpox (monkeypox)/pathology , Mpox (monkeypox)/virology , Virus Replication/physiology , Administration, Intranasal , Animals , Female , Lung/pathology , Lung/virology , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymph Nodes/virology , Male , Marmota , Mpox (monkeypox)/mortality , Monkeypox virus/physiology , Nasal Mucosa/pathology , Nasal Mucosa/virology , Skin/pathology , Skin/virology , Spleen/pathology , Spleen/virology , Survival Analysis , Trachea/pathology , Trachea/virology
6.
Vopr Virusol ; 58(4): 39-43, 2013.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24354064

ABSTRACT

In the experiments using intranasal (i/n) infection of mice with the ectromelia virus (EV) in a dose 10 LD50/head (10 x 50% lethal doselhead) or with the monkaypox virus (MPXV) in a dose 10 ID50/head (10 x 50% infective dose/ head) it was demonstrated that the antiviral efficiency of chemical compounds - the condensed derivatives of pyrrolidin-2,5-dion, as well as their predecessors and the nearest analogues, synthesized in Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NIOCH SB RAS) was observed. As a positive control we used the antipoxvirus chemical preparation ST-246 available from SIGA Technologies Inc. (USA), synthesized in NIOCH SB RAS by the technique suggested by the authors. It was demonstrated that the compound NIOCH-14 (7-[N'-(4-Trifluoromethylbenzoil)-hydrazidecarbonil]-tricyclo[3.2.2.02,4]non-8-en-6-carbonic acid) possessed comparable with ST-246 antiviral activity concerning EV and MPXV on all indicators used. Therefore, at infection of mice with EV (strain K-1) and peroral administration of NIOCH-14 and ST-246 in a dose 50 mkg/g of mouse weight (12-14 g) within 10 days the survival rate and average life expectancy of mice authentically exceeded the control levels. EV titers in lungs through 6 days after infection in the same groups were lower than in the control. In addition to that, after 7 days of infection of mice with MPXV (strain V79-1-005) and daily peroral administration of NIOCH-14 and ST-246 in a dose 60 mkg/g of mouse weight (9-11 g) authentic decrease in a part of infected animals and MPXV titers in lungs was observed.


Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , Ectromelia virus , Ectromelia, Infectious/drug therapy , Monkeypox virus , Mpox (monkeypox)/drug therapy , Animals , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Chlorocebus aethiops , Ectromelia, Infectious/pathology , Ectromelia, Infectious/virology , Female , Male , Mice , Mpox (monkeypox)/pathology , Mpox (monkeypox)/virology , Vero Cells
7.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 60(2): 159-65, 2013 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22494627

ABSTRACT

This study presents results of the study of infectivity of avian influenza virus (AIV) A subtype H5N1 strains isolated from agricultural birds across the territory of the Russian Federation and CIS countries. The results of the susceptibility of chickens to the AIV isolates delivered by the aerosol route and the dissemination of the virus in the organs of infected birds are presented. As was observed, the sensitivity of birds to AIV by the aerosol route of infection is 30 times higher than by intranasal route, 500 times higher than by the oral route and 10000 times higher than by the intragastric route of infection, which is indicative of higher permissivity of respiratory organs to AIV. The highest titres of AIV A subtype H5N1(A/Chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 strain) in aerosol-infected chickens were found in nasal cavity mucosa, lungs, cloaca, serum and kidney, where viable virus accumulation was detected by 18h post-infection (p.i.). The highest virus titres were observed 54h p.i. in lungs, serum and kidney, reaching the value of 8.16 lg EID50 /g(ml) in the lungs. The results showed that birds infected by the aerosol route developed higher titres of virus than those infected by other routes.


Subject(s)
Chickens/virology , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza in Birds/virology , Kidney/virology , Lung/virology , Administration, Intranasal , Administration, Oral , Aerosols , Animals , Gastrointestinal Tract/virology , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza in Birds/pathology , Kidney/pathology , Lung/pathology , Russia
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