ABSTRACT
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a major pest in maize fields in Argentina. However, a sampling method that accounts for spatial pattern and allows reliable pest density estimations is still lacking. This paper addresses the issue of how sampling unit size can influence the characterization of S. frugiperda spatial pattern and the performance of sampling plans. An intensive sampling programme for S. frugiperda larvae was carried out in maize fields from October until March in four growing seasons. On each sampling date, 12 to 20 sampling units were taken at random. Each unit consisted of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12 consecutive plants along a row. The linearized version of the Taylor's power law (TPL) was fitted to mean and variance estimated for each sampling date and data set through least squares regression. In general, b values from TPL were significantly >1 (P<0.05), indicating an aggregated sampling distribution. Regression slopes (b) ranged from 1.28 to 1.48 in small larvae and from 1.06 to 1.24 in large larvae, indicating stronger clumping in the former. TPL parameters were used to develop constant precision sampling plans. The efficiency of these plans in terms of expected total cost (searching and handling sampling units) was very sensitive to the size of the sampling units with small larvae but not with large larvae. The influence of sampling unit size and spatial pattern on TPL parameters and sampling costs is discussed.
Subject(s)
Larva , Spodoptera , Zea mays/parasitology , Animals , Population Density , Population Surveillance/methods , Sample SizeABSTRACT
Foram investigadas a morfologia e a funçäo tireoidiana de ratas Wistar, adultas, castradas e näo castradas e mantidas em estado hipotireóideo pela administraçäo diária de propiltiouracil por 120 dias. Ratas eutireóideas castradas e näo castradas serviram de controle. As tireóides, colhidas ao final do experimento, foram pesadas, processadas histologicamente e submetidas à análise morfométrica, pela qual foi determinada a proporçäo dos componentes glandulares (epitélio folicular, colóide e estroma). No plasma sangüíneo, colhido também ao final do período experimental, foram determinadas as concentraçöes de T3 total, T4 livre e TSH. O peso e a histomorfometria da tireóide näo sofreu influência da castraçäo e o aumento do componente epitelial e decréscimo da quantidade de colóide só foram detectados no hipotireoidismo. No estado eutireóideo a deficiência dos esteróides sexuais levou ao aumento dos valores de T4 livre e T3 total e no hipotireoidismo, exacerbou a queda de T3 total, mas näo a de T4 livre. Os valores de TSH näo se alteraram em nenhum dos estados funcionais da glândula ou das gônadas. Conclui-se que o hipogonadismo näo modifica a hiperplasia glandular e a queda dos níveis plasmáticos de tiroxina livre induzidos pelo propiltiouracil, mas altera profundamente o comportamento da triiodotironina total de acordo com o estado funcional da tireóide, tudo sem alterar os valores plasmáticos de TSH
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Hypogonadism , Hypothyroidism , RatsABSTRACT
The influence of the estrous cycle on the thyroid gland was studied. Twenty one five-to-seven-month-old Wistar female rats were divided according to the stage of the estrous cycle in two groups: metaestrus-diestrus and proestrus-estrus. After gross inspection, the thyroids were weighed, sampled, and processed for staining with hematoxilyn-eosin. Seric concentrations of total T4, free T4, total T3, TSH, progesterone, and estradiol were measured. The values of estradiol were significantly higher in the proestrus-estrus stage. However, no significant differences in the plasmatic concentrations of progesterone, free T4, total T4 and TSH throughout the cycle were found. The results of the morphometric study of the thyroid did not indicate any significant differences between the groups. These findings suggest that there is no thyreotrophic effect of estrogen during the estrous cycle in rats
