ABSTRACT
Thirty-four children and adolescents with ages from 6 to 16 years having a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)according to DSM-IV criteria were examined. Psychiatric comorbidity was evaluated through a standard questionnaire given to parents. There was a significant comorbidity (85,7%) in the sample, oppositional-defiant disorder (20,6%) and conduct disorder (39,2%) being the most common comorbid diagnosis. At least two diagnosis other than ADHD could be found in 57% of the sample. Major depression was seen in four cases and anxiety states (generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety and phobias) were seen in 34.3% of the sample. Comorbidity modifies prognosis in a significant way and may suggest specific therapeutic interventions according to each case. Frequent comorbidity may suggest the need for diagnostic interviews that covers other psychiatric disorders.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Child , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/physiopathology , Prognosis , Sex Distribution , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases , Cholangitis, Sclerosing , Adult , Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis , Autoimmune Diseases/etiology , Autoimmune Diseases/therapy , Cholangitis, Sclerosing/diagnosis , Cholangitis, Sclerosing/etiology , Cholangitis, Sclerosing/therapy , Female , Humans , Liver Transplantation , Male , PrognosisSubject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology , Adult , Autoantibodies/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/complications , Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis , Autoimmune Diseases/therapy , Female , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/complications , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Mitochondria, Liver/immunologySubject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Hepatitis/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis , Autoimmune Diseases/etiology , Autoimmune Diseases/therapy , Autoimmunity , Female , Hepatitis/diagnosis , Hepatitis/etiology , Hepatitis/therapy , Humans , Liver Diseases/immunology , Liver Transplantation , Male , Middle Aged , PrognosisABSTRACT
A method is described for the processing of material obtained by fine needle aspiration. During the procedure, continuous aspiration, movement and rotation of the needle is performed in order to obtain at least 2 ml of material and blood. Samples are processed immediately for cytology and the rest of the material is left in the syringe until it coagulates. The clot is withdrawn from the syringe by retrieving the embolus and the formed material is introduced in formol and processed as usual for histology. This allows for the examination of all the material obtained by a pathologist who may not have experience in cytology.
Subject(s)
Biopsy, Needle/methods , Pathology, Clinical/methodsABSTRACT
Acute appendicitis is one of the most frequent causes of acute abdomen. Event though its mortality has been significantly reduced, the high percentage of negative laparotomies changed in the last 40 years reaching at present an average of 20-25%. Several radiological methods have being proposed in order to improve a diagnostic effectiveness, however they have showed a limited value. Computerized tomography and ultrasonography has been used, mainly for the diagnosis of complications of acute appendicitis and few studies related to its utility in early diagnosis have been published. The technique of ultrasonographic examination and the characteristics of the normal and inflamed appendix are discussed as well as the sonographic appearance of appendicular mass, sensibility and method controversy.