ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Describir un sistema de vigilancia y monitorización basado en el análisis de la tasa de incidencia de la incapacidad permanente (IP) y la mortalidad prematura (MP) en una muestra de afiliados/as a la Seguridad Social española. Método: Estudio de tres cohortes de nacimiento (1950-1959, 1960-1969 y 1970-1979) de personas afiliadas al régimen general de la Seguridad Social, incluidas en la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales, que han estado activas al menos un día entre 2004 y 2015 (N = 753.341). Para cada cohorte se estimaron las tasas anuales de incidencia de IP y MP según la ocupación y la actividad económica, y en hombres y mujeres por separado. Resultados: Entre 2004 y 2015, las tasas de IP y MP mostraron valores más altos en los hombres que en las mujeres en prácticamente todas las cohortes de nacimiento, ocupaciones y actividades económicas. La tendencia durante el periodo de observación fue creciente, tanto en la incidencia de IP como de MP en hombres y mujeres, para las tres cohortes de nacimiento y para todas las categorías ocupacionales. Conclusiones: Los resultados que se derivan de este trabajo permiten monitorizar de manera continua la evolución temporal de la incidencia de la incapacidad permanente y de la mortalidad prematura en una muestra representativa de afiliados/as a la Seguridad Social. (AU)
Objective: To describe a surveillance and monitoring system based on the analysis of the incidence rate of permanent disability (PD) and premature mortality (PM) in a sample of members of the Spanish Social Security. Method: Study of three birth cohorts (1950-1959, 1960-1969 and 1970-1979) of people affiliated to the general Social Security system, included in the Continuous Sample of Labour Lives, who has been active for at least one day between 2004 and 2015 (N = 753,341). For each cohort, the annual incidence rates of PD and MP were estimated according to occupation and economic activity in women and men.Results: Between 2004 and 2015 the rates of PI and MP showed higher values in men with respect to women in practically all cohorts of births, occupations and economic activities groups. The trend throughout the observation period was increasing, both in the incidence of PD and PM in men and women, for the three birth cohorts and for all occupational categories. Conclusions:The results derived from this work allows the continuous monitoring of the temporal evolution of the incidence of permanent disability and premature mortality in a representative sample of social security affiliates. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Security , Disabled Persons , Spain , Mortality, Premature , Occupational Health , Epidemiological MonitoringABSTRACT
Rare variants are thought to play an important role in the etiology of complex diseases and may explain a significant fraction of the missing heritability in genetic disease studies. Next-generation sequencing facilitates the association of rare variants in coding or regulatory regions with complex diseases in large cohorts at genome-wide scale. However, rare variant association studies (RVAS) still lack power when cohorts are small to medium-sized and if genetic variation explains a small fraction of phenotypic variance. Here we present a novel Bayesian rare variant Association Test using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (BATI). Unlike existing RVAS tests, BATI allows integration of individual or variant-specific features as covariates, while efficiently performing inference based on full model estimation. We demonstrate that BATI outperforms established RVAS methods on realistic, semi-synthetic whole-exome sequencing cohorts, especially when using meaningful biological context, such as functional annotation. We show that BATI achieves power above 70% in scenarios in which competing tests fail to identify risk genes, e.g. when risk variants in sum explain less than 0.5% of phenotypic variance. We have integrated BATI, together with five existing RVAS tests in the 'Rare Variant Genome Wide Association Study' (rvGWAS) framework for data analyzed by whole-exome or whole genome sequencing. rvGWAS supports rare variant association for genes or any other biological unit such as promoters, while allowing the analysis of essential functionalities like quality control or filtering. Applying rvGWAS to a Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia study we identified eight candidate predisposition genes, including EHMT2 and COPS7A.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Genome-Wide Association Study/methods , Bayes Theorem , Benchmarking , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , COP9 Signalosome Complex/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Cohort Studies , Computational Biology , Computer Simulation , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Databases, Genetic , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genome-Wide Association Study/standards , Genome-Wide Association Study/statistics & numerical data , Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics , Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics , Humans , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics , Quality Control , Risk Factors , Transcription Factors/genetics , Exome Sequencing/methods , Exome Sequencing/standards , Exome Sequencing/statistics & numerical data , Whole Genome Sequencing/methods , Whole Genome Sequencing/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe a surveillance and monitoring system based on the analysis of the incidence rate of permanent disability (PD) and premature mortality (PM) in a sample of members of the Spanish Social Security. METHOD: Study of three birth cohorts (1950-1959, 1960-1969 and 1970-1979) of people affiliated to the general Social Security system, included in the Continuous Sample of Labour Lives, who has been active for at least one day between 2004 and 2015 (N = 753,341). For each cohort, the annual incidence rates of PD and MP were estimated according to occupation and economic activity in women and men. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2015 the rates of PI and MP showed higher values in men with respect to women in practically all cohorts of births, occupations and economic activities groups. The trend throughout the observation period was increasing, both in the incidence of PD and PM in men and women, for the three birth cohorts and for all occupational categories. CONCLUSIONS: The results derived from this work allows the continuous monitoring of the temporal evolution of the incidence of permanent disability and premature mortality in a representative sample of social security affiliates.
Subject(s)
Disabled Persons , Social Security , Female , Humans , Income , Male , Mortality, Premature , OccupationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Due to the progress in screening and cancer treatments, survivor's prognosis has improved enabling a more likely return to work. However, return to work after a cancer diagnosis may be complex because of an unbalanced health status and work demands relationship that may push them out of the labor market. The aim of this study is to assess the risk of dropping out of the labor market due to unemployment, partial retirement, and permanent disability during the year following an episode due to a malignant neoplasm compared to other non-malignant pathologies. METHODS: Cohort study of 9699 workers affiliated with the Social Security System in Catalonia, who had a sickness absence episode between 2012 and 2013 due to malignant neoplasm, mental, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases and injuries. Competing risk regression models were applied to assess the risk of dropping out of the labor market, by calculating subhazard ratios (SHR) in both sexes. Models were adjusted for age, occupational category, type of contract, economic activity, annual median salary and duration of the SA episode as potential confounders. RESULTS: Sickness absence due to malignant neoplasia represented 1.7% out of the 9699 episodes included between 2012 and 2013. Although, 80% of individuals continued working in the year following an episode due to malignant neoplasm, women showed a trend towards exiting the labor market because of partial retirement [SHR = 8.4(1.5-45.5)] and permanent disability [SHR = 5.8(1.5-22.9)] compared to non-malignant pathologies. There were no significant differences for unemployment either in women [SHR = 0.4(0.2-0.9)] and in men [SHR = 0.2(0.1-0.6)]. CONCLUSIONS: Although return to work is a common pathway among cancer survivors, partial retirement and permanent disability seem to be potential pathways to exit the labor market among women.
Subject(s)
Absenteeism , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Sick Leave/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Disabled Persons , Female , Health Status , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Musculoskeletal Diseases/epidemiology , Unemployment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES AND SETTING: Although psychotropic drugs are used to treat mental health disorders, little evidence analyses the effects the 2008 economic downturn had on psychotropic drug consumption in the case of Spain. We analyse these effects, considering both gender and employment situation. PARTICIPANTS: We used the microdata from the face-to-face cross-sectional population-based Spanish National Health Survey for two periods: 2006-2007 (n=28 954) and 2011-2012 (n=20 509). Our samples included adults (>15 years old). METHODS: The response variables are consumption (or not) of antidepressants or sedatives and the explanatory variables are the year of the survey, gender and employment status. Covariates are mental health problems, mental health index General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and self-reported health outcome variables such as self-rated health, chronic diseases, smoking behaviour, sleeping hours, body mass index, physical activity in the workplace, medical visits during the past year, age, region of residence (autonomous communities), educational level, marital status and social class of the reference person. Finally, we include interactions between time period, gender and employment status. We specify random effects logistic regressions and use Bayesian methods for the inference. RESULTS: The economic crisis did not significantly change the probability of taking antidepressant drugs (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.56) nor sedatives (OR=1.21, 95% CI 0.26 to 5.49). In general, the probability of consuming antidepressants among men and women decreases, but there are differences depending on employment status. The probability of consuming sedatives also depends on the employment status. CONCLUSIONS: While the year of the financial crisis is not associated with the consumption of antidepressants nor sedatives, it has widened the gap in consumption differences between men and women. Although antidepressant use dropped, the difference in consumption levels between men and women grew significantly among the retired, and in the case of sedatives, risk of women taking sedatives increased in all groups except students.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Economic Recession/statistics & numerical data , Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use , Mental Disorders/drug therapy , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Bayes Theorem , Cross-Sectional Studies , Employment/psychology , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Marital Status , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Social Class , Spain/epidemiology , Unemployment/psychology , Unemployment/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
Objetivo: Proporcionar indicadores para evaluar, en España y en sus comunidades autónomas, el impacto sobre la salud, sus determinantes sociales y las desigualdades en salud del contexto social y de la crisis económica más reciente. Métodos: Basándonos en el marco conceptual de los determinantes de las desigualdades sociales en salud en España, identificamos indicadores secuencialmente a partir de documentos clave, Web of Science y organismos con estadísticas oficiales. La información recopilada dio lugar a un directorio amplio de indicadores que fue revisado por un panel de expertos. Posteriormente seleccionamos un conjunto de esos indicadores según un criterio geográfico y otro temporal: disponibilidad de datos según comunidades autónomas y al menos desde 2006 hasta 2012. Resultados: Identificamos 203 indicadores contextuales sobre determinantes sociales de la salud y seleccionamos 96 (47%) según los criterios anteriores. De los indicadores identificados, el 16% no cumplieron el criterio geográfico y el 35% no cumplieron el criterio temporal. Se excluyó al menos un 80% de los indicadores relacionados con la dependencia y los servicios de salud. Los indicadores finalmente seleccionados cubrieron todas las áreas de los determinantes sociales de la salud. El 62% de estos no estuvieron disponibles en Internet. Alrededor del 40% de los indicadores se extrajeron de fuentes relacionadas con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Conclusiones: Proporcionamos un amplio directorio de indicadores contextuales sobre determinantes sociales de la salud y una base de datos que facilitarán la evaluación, en España y sus comunidades autónomas, del impacto de la crisis económica sobre la salud y las desigualdades en salud (AU)
Objective: To provide indicators to assess the impact on health, its social determinants and health inequalities from a social context and the recent economic recession in Spain and its autonomous regions. Methods: Based on the Spanish conceptual framework for determinants of social inequalities in health, we identified indicators sequentially from key documents, Web of Science, and organizations with official statistics. The information collected resulted in a large directory of indicators which was reviewed by an expert panel. We then selected a set of these indicators according to geographical (availability of data according to autonomous regions) and temporal (from at least 2006 to 2012) criteria. Results: We identified 203 contextual indicators related to social determinants of health and selected 96 (47%) based on the above criteria; 16% of the identified indicators did not satisfy the geographical criteria and 35% did not satisfy the temporal criteria. At least 80% of the indicators related to dependence and healthcare services were excluded. The final selection of indicators covered all areas for social determinants of health, and 62% of these were not available on the Internet. Around 40% of the indicators were extracted from sources related to the Spanish Statistics Institute. Conclusions: We have provided an extensive directory of contextual indicators on social determinants of health and a database to facilitate assessment of the impact of the economic recession on health and health inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Economic Recession/trends , 50230 , Resource Allocation/trends , Social Determinants of Health/trends , Health Status Disparities , Health Services Accessibility/trends , Indicators of Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Impact AssessmentABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Most studies about work-related traffic injuries in Spain are based in labor administration information. The aim of this study was to carry out a description of fatal work-related traffic injuries in Spain according to travelling reason between 2010 and 2013, based on the Transport Authority database. METHODS: Descriptive study of fatal work-related traffic injuries that drivers between 16 and 70 years old suffered, whose reason for travelling was recorded as labour, occurred during working or commuting hours, between 2010 and 2013. In order to assess statistically significant differences according to the reason for travelling (during working and commuting hours) in the distributions of the variables included, and separately for men and women, appropriate statistical tests were calculated for each variable. In particular, socio-demographic, driver-related, travelling conditions, and contributing factors at the time of the accident variables were taken into account. RESULTS: The total number of fatal work-related traffic injuries was 847, a 88.3% in men and 53,1% during working hours. Fatal work-related traffic injuries among men were significantly more frequent during working hours when the driver was a professional (74.7%), with an industrial vehicle or van (67.7%), and in routes longer than 50 kilometres (60.5%). Among women, fatal collisions occurred during commuting hours while driving their own car (98.7%), with a private car or motorcycle (98.7%) and in routes lower than 50 kilometres (79.6%). CONCLUSIONS: These results show a different pattern of fatal work-related traffic injuries according to reason for travelling, during working or commuting hours, between men and women. This should be deeply studied to direct road and occupational policies more precisely.
La mayoría de los estudios sobre las lesiones de tráfico relacionadas con el trabajo (LTT) en España se basan en información de la administración laboral. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una descripción de las LTT mortales en España según el motivo de desplazamiento entre 2010 y 2013.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Occupational/mortality , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Automobile Driving , Occupational Injuries/mortality , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Seasons , Sex Factors , Spain/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide indicators to assess the impact on health, its social determinants and health inequalities from a social context and the recent economic recession in Spain and its autonomous regions. METHODS: Based on the Spanish conceptual framework for determinants of social inequalities in health, we identified indicators sequentially from key documents, Web of Science, and organisations with official statistics. The information collected resulted in a large directory of indicators which was reviewed by an expert panel. We then selected a set of these indicators according to geographical (availability of data according to autonomous regions) and temporal (from at least 2006 to 2012) criteria. RESULTS: We identified 203 contextual indicators related to social determinants of health and selected 96 (47%) based on the above criteria; 16% of the identified indicators did not satisfy the geographical criteria and 35% did not satisfy the temporal criteria. At least 80% of the indicators related to dependence and healthcare services were excluded. The final selection of indicators covered all areas for social determinants of health, and 62% of these were not available on the Internet. Around 40% of the indicators were extracted from sources related to the Spanish Statistics Institute. CONCLUSIONS: We have provided an extensive directory of contextual indicators on social determinants of health and a database to facilitate assessment of the impact of the economic recession on health and health inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions.
Subject(s)
Economic Recession , Social Determinants of Health/economics , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Databases, Factual , Female , Health Status Indicators , Healthcare Disparities , Humans , Information Dissemination , Internet , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Spain , Young AdultABSTRACT
Fundamentos: La mayoría de los estudios sobre las lesiones de tráfico relacionadas con el trabajo (LTT) en España se basan en información de la administración laboral. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una descripción de las LTT mortales en España según el motivo de desplazamiento entre 2010 y 2013. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de las LTT mortales ocurridas en personas conductoras de entre 16 y 70 años, cuyo motivo de desplazamiento fue registrado como laboral por la administración de tráfico, sea durante la jornada laboral o in itinere, entre 2010 y 2013. Para todas las variables de interés se calculó el número absoluto y relativo (en porcentaje) si la variable era categórica o bien la media aritmética si la variable era continua. Para valorar diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del motivo de desplazamiento (en jornada e in itinere) en las distribuciones de las variables incluidas, separadamente para hombres y mujeres, se calcularon los tests estadísticos adecuados para cada variable. Se incluyeron variables relacionadas con la persona conductora, el tipo de vehículo y las condiciones del desplazamiento. Resultados: El total de LTT mortales fue de 847, el 88,3% en hombres y el 53,1% durante la jornada laboral. Las LTT mortales ocurridas en jornada en los hombres fueron significativamente más frecuentes en jornada cuando el conductor era un profesional (74,7%), con un vehículo industrial o furgoneta (67,7%) y un desplazamiento previsto de más de 50km (60,5%). En las mujeres, las colisiones mortales ocurrieron principalmente in itinere y fueron en conductora particular (98,7%), con un turismo o motocicleta (98,7%) y en un desplazamiento previsto de menos de 50km (79,6%). Conclusión: Estos resultados muestran un patrón diferente de las LTT mortales según sea el motivo del desplazamiento, en jornada o in itinere, que afecta de manera distinta a hombres y mujeres, lo que debe estudiarse con más profundidad para orientar de forma más precisa las políticas de seguridad vial y laboral (AU)
Background: Most studies about work-related traffic injuries in Spain are based in labor administration information. The aim of this study was to carry out a description of fatal work-related traffic injuries in Spain according to travelling reason between 2010 and 2013, based on the Transport Authority database. Methods: Descriptive study of fatal work-related traffic injuries that drivers between 16 and 70 years old suffered, whose reason for travelling was recorded as labour, occurred during working or commuting hours, between 2010 and 2013. In order to assess statistically significant differences according to the reason for travelling (during working and commuting hours) in the distributions of the variables included, and separately for men and women, appropriate statistical tests were calculated for each variable. In particular, socio-demographic, driver-related, travelling conditions, and contributing factors at the time of the accident variables were taken into account. Results: The total number of fatal work-related traffic injuries was 847, a 88.3% in men and 53,1% during working hours. Fatal work-related traffic injuries among men were significantly more frequent during working hours when the driver was a professional (74.7%), with an industrial vehicle or van (67.7%), and in routes longer than 50 kilometres (60.5%). Among women, fatal collisions occurred during commuting hours while driving their own car (98.7%), with a private car or motorcycle (98.7%) and in routes lower than 50 kilometres (79.6%). Conclusion: These results show a different pattern of fatal work-related traffic injuries according to reason for travelling, during working or commuting hours, between men and women. This should be deeply studied to direct road and occupational policies more precisely (AU)
