Opinión de los médicos sobre la necesidad de cribado de la dislipidemia ante el riesgo cardiovascular. Coincidencias y diferencias entre Atención Primaria y otras especialidades. Estudio DIANA / Opinion from physicians on the need for dyslipidemia screening in cardiovascular risk. Similarities and differences between primary care and other specialties. The DIANA study

Introducción. La inercia clínica en el cribado y tratamiento de los pacientes de alto o muy alto riesgo cardiovascular comporta la no consecución de los objetivos en cLDL en esta población. El objetivo del estudio DIANA fue conocer la opinión de los médicos sobre el cribado de dislipidemia, la práctica habitual y las diferencias existentes entre médicos de atención primaria (AP) y otras especialidades. Material y métodos. El cuestionario, mediante el método Delphi modificado, incluyó 4 bloques alrededor del paciente dislipidémico con alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa. Resultados. De los 497 expertos participantes, el 58% eran médicos de AP. Se consensuó, aunque en menor medida en los médicos de AP, la necesidad de realizar el cribado de dislipidemia en pacientes con diabetes, cardiopatía isquémica o hipertensión arterial. Mayores diferencias significativas se encontraron en situaciones como la prediabetes o la existencia de antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular precoz (86,2% y 88,6% en médicos de AP frente 96,1% y 97,6% en otras especialidades, respectivamente). No existió acuerdo en la necesidad de cribado ante la presencia de xantomas, xantelasmas o arco corneal en menores de 45 años, existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el último de ellos. Conclusiones. El cribado de la dislipidemia se realiza principalmente en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular o algún factor mayor de riesgo cardiovascular, y se infravaloran los estigmas cutáneos de hipercolesterolemia familiar. Es preciso insistir en la necesidad de un cribado y tratamiento correctos de dislipidemia en aquellos sujetos de alto riesgo cardiovascular (AU)

Introduction. The clinical inertia in the screening and treatment of patients at high or very high cardiovascular risk leads to the failure to achieve LDLc targets in this population. The aim of the DIANA study was to determine the opinion of doctors about the screening for dyslipidaemia, the usual practice, and the differences between Primary Care physicians and other specialties. Material and methods. A questionnaire, using the modified Delphi method, included four blocks on dyslipidemic patients with impaired glucose metabolism. Results. Of the 497 participating experts, 58% were Primary Care physicians. There was agreement on the need for dyslipidemia screening in patients with diabetes, ischaemic heart disease or hypertension, although to a lesser extent among Primary Care physicians. Greater significant differences were found in situations such as pre-diabetes or family history of premature cardiovascular disease (86.2% and 88.6% in Primary Care physicians versus 96.1% and 97.6% in other specialties, respectively). There was no agreement on the need for screening in the presence of xanthomas, xanthelasmas or corneal arcus in people under the age of 45 years, with statistically significant differences in the latter. Conclusions. Dyslipidaemia screening is mainly performed on patients with cardiovascular disease or any major cardiovascular risk factor, and cutaneous lesions of familial hypercholesterolaemia are underestimated. The need for accurate screening and treatment of dyslipidemia in subjects at high cardiovascular risk must be stressed (AU)

Enfermedad renal crónica y dislipidemia / Chronic kidney disease and dyslipidaemia

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) ha de ser considerada como una situación de alto e incluso muy alto riesgo cardiovascular, ya que provoca un aumento de la mortalidad cardiovascular que va incrementándose a medida que progresa la enfermedad. Es preciso realizar un diagnóstico precoz de la ERC junto con la adecuada identificación de los factores de riesgo, al objeto de frenar su evolución a estadios más severos, evitar las complicaciones y retrasar, en lo posible, la necesidad de tratamiento sustitutivo renal. La dislipidemia es un factor de progresión de la ERC que aumenta el riesgo de desarrollo de aterosclerosis y sus complicaciones. Su adecuado control contribuye a reducir la elevada morbimortalidad cardiovascular que presentan estos pacientes. En esta revisión se evalúan las medidas terapéuticas hipolipemiantes necesarias para el logro de los objetivos recomendados, ajustando el tratamiento a la evolución de la enfermedad y a las características del paciente. En la ERC parece prioritaria una intervención precoz e intensiva de la dislipidemia antes de que se produzca una disminución importante de la función renal. El tratamiento con estatinas ha demostrado ser seguro y eficaz en la disminución del cLDL y en la reducción de episodios cardiovasculares en individuos con ERC o después del trasplante renal; sin embargo, la evidencia en los pacientes dializados es menor

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has to be considered as a high, or even very high risk cardiovascular risk condition, since it leads to an increase in cardiovascular mortality that continues to increase as the disease progresses. An early diagnosis of CKD is required, together with an adequate identification of the risk factors, in order to slow down its progression to more severe states, prevent complications, and to delay, whenever possible, the need for renal replacement therapy. Dyslipidaemia is a factor of the progression of CKD that increases the risk in developing atherosclerosis and its complications. Its proper control contributes to reducing the elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality presented by these patients. In this review, an assessment is made of the lipid-lowering therapeutic measures required to achieve to recommended objectives, by adjusting the treatment to the progression of the disease and to the characteristics of the patient. In CKD, it seems that an early and intensive intervention of the dyslipidaemia is a priority before there is a significant decrease in kidney function. Treatment with statins has been shown to be safe and effective in decreasing LDL-Cholesterol, and in the reduction of cardiovascular events in individuals with CKD, or after renal transplant, although there is less evidence in the case of dialysed patients

[Opinion from physicians on the need for dyslipidemia screening in cardiovascular risk. Similarities and differences between primary care and other specialties. The DIANA study]. / Opinión de los médicos sobre la necesidad de cribado de la dislipidemia ante el riesgo cardiovascular. Coincidencias y diferencias entre Atención Primaria y otras especialidades. Estudio DIANA.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical inertia in the screening and treatment of patients at high or very high cardiovascular risk leads to the failure to achieve LDLc targets in this population. The aim of the DIANA study was to determine the opinion of doctors about the screening for dyslipidaemia, the usual practice, and the differences between Primary Care physicians and other specialties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire, using the modified Delphi method, included four blocks on dyslipidemic patients with impaired glucose metabolism. RESULTS: Of the 497 participating experts, 58% were Primary Care physicians. There was agreement on the need for dyslipidemia screening in patients with diabetes, ischaemic heart disease or hypertension, although to a lesser extent among Primary Care physicians. Greater significant differences were found in situations such as pre-diabetes or family history of premature cardiovascular disease (86.2% and 88.6% in Primary Care physicians versus 96.1% and 97.6% in other specialties, respectively). There was no agreement on the need for screening in the presence of xanthomas, xanthelasmas or corneal arcus in people under the age of 45 years, with statistically significant differences in the latter. CONCLUSIONS: Dyslipidaemia screening is mainly performed on patients with cardiovascular disease or any major cardiovascular risk factor, and cutaneous lesions of familial hypercholesterolaemia are underestimated. The need for accurate screening and treatment of dyslipidemia in subjects at high cardiovascular risk must be stressed.

[Chronic kidney disease and dyslipidaemia]. / Enfermedad renal crónica y dislipidemia.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has to be considered as a high, or even very high risk cardiovascular risk condition, since it leads to an increase in cardiovascular mortality that continues to increase as the disease progresses. An early diagnosis of CKD is required, together with an adequate identification of the risk factors, in order to slow down its progression to more severe states, prevent complications, and to delay, whenever possible, the need for renal replacement therapy. Dyslipidaemia is a factor of the progression of CKD that increases the risk in developing atherosclerosis and its complications. Its proper control contributes to reducing the elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality presented by these patients. In this review, an assessment is made of the lipid-lowering therapeutic measures required to achieve to recommended objectives, by adjusting the treatment to the progression of the disease and to the characteristics of the patient. In CKD, it seems that an early and intensive intervention of the dyslipidaemia is a priority before there is a significant decrease in kidney function. Treatment with statins has been shown to be safe and effective in decreasing LDL-Cholesterol, and in the reduction of cardiovascular events in individuals with CKD, or after renal transplant, although there is less evidence in the case of dialysed patients.

Consenso Delphi sobre el manejo de la dislipidemia en pacientes con alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa: estudio Diana / Delphi consensus on management of dyslipidaemia in patients with impaired glucose metabolism: Diana study

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un consenso multidisciplinar mediante el sistema Delphi para establecer recomendaciones clínicas en torno al manejo de la dislipidemia cuando hay una alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa, y la importancia de los factores que se valoran al prescribir y realizar el seguimiento del tratamiento con estatinas. Métodos: El cuestionario formulado por el comité científico incluyó 4 bloques de preguntas alrededor del paciente dislipidémico con alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa, de los que aquí presentaremos los resultados de los 2 primeros: a) manejo de la dislipidemia; y b) factores que se valoran al prescribir y realizar el seguimiento del tratamiento con estatinas. Resultados: Con un porcentaje superior al 90% se consensuó entre los 497 expertos participantes en el estudio que debía realizarse un cribado de dislipidemia a pacientes con diabetes o prediabetes, y/o con enfermedad cardiovascular o con antecedentes familiares y/u obesidad abdominal y/o hipertensos. En presencia de dislipidemia existe un elevado grado de acuerdo en que la estatina es el tratamiento hipolipidemiante de elección, en cambiarla cuando aparecen efectos secundarios, en la elección de dosis y tipo de estatina según la concentración de colesterol LDL basal del paciente y el objetivo a alcanzar, así como la posible interacción con otros fármacos. Conclusiones: El cribado de la dislipidemia se realiza principalmente en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular o algún factor mayor de riesgo cardiovascular. Al prescribir una estatina los médicos encuestados valoraron fundamentalmente la capacidad de reducción del colesterol LDL y el riesgo de interacciones medicamentosas

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to develop a multidisciplinary consensus based on the Delphi system to establish clinical recommendations for the management of dyslipidaemia when hyperglycaemia is present, and the relevant factors that should be taken into consideration when prescribing and monitoring treatment with statins. Methods: The questionnaire developed by the scientific committee included four blocks of questions about dyslipidaemia in patients with impaired glucose metabolism. The results of the first two blocks are presented here: a) management of dyslipidaemia; b) relevant factors that should be taken into consideration when prescribing and monitoring treatment with statins. Results: Among the 497 experts who participated in the study, an agreement of over 90% was attained for recommending screening for dyslipidaemia in patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease or a family history and/or abdominal obesity and/or hypertension. There was a high degree of agreement that a statin is the lipid-lowering treatment of choice, and that it should be switched when side effects develop. Also, the choice of statin and dose should be made according to baseline LDL cholesterol levels, the target to achieve, and the possible drug-drug interactions. Conclusions: The screening of dyslipidaemia is primarily conducted in patients with cardiovascular disease, or any major cardiovascular risk factor. When prescribing a statin, physicians mainly focus on the ability to reduce LDL cholesterol and the risk of drug interactions

[Delphi consensus on management of dyslipidaemia in patients with impaired glucose metabolism: Diana study]. / Consenso Delphi sobre el manejo de la dislipidemia en pacientes con alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa: estudio Diana.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to develop a multidisciplinary consensus based on the Delphi system to establish clinical recommendations for the management of dyslipidaemia when hyperglycaemia is present, and the relevant factors that should be taken into consideration when prescribing and monitoring treatment with statins. METHODS: The questionnaire developed by the scientific committee included four blocks of questions about dyslipidaemia in patients with impaired glucose metabolism. The results of the first two blocks are presented here: a) management of dyslipidaemia; b) relevant factors that should be taken into consideration when prescribing and monitoring treatment with statins. RESULTS: Among the 497 experts who participated in the study, an agreement of over 90% was attained for recommending screening for dyslipidaemia in patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease or a family history and/or abdominal obesity and/or hypertension. There was a high degree of agreement that a statin is the lipid-lowering treatment of choice, and that it should be switched when side effects develop. Also, the choice of statin and dose should be made according to baseline LDL cholesterol levels, the target to achieve, and the possible drug-drug interactions. CONCLUSIONS: The screening of dyslipidaemia is primarily conducted in patients with cardiovascular disease, or any major cardiovascular risk factor. When prescribing a statin, physicians mainly focus on the ability to reduce LDL cholesterol and the risk of drug interactions.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of rosuvastatin vs generic atorvastatin in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to carry out a long-term cost-effectiveness analysis of rosuvastatin compared with generic atorvastatin in the treatment of patients at high cardiovascular (CV) risk (≥ 5% Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation [SCORE]) and patients with prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Spain. METHODS: The efficacy data from the Statin Therapies for Elevated Lipid Levels compared Across doses to Rosuvastatin (STELLAR) study were used to simulate achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets with different doses of rosuvastatin and generic atorvastatin for an initial period of 1 year. A Markov model was used to estimate the number of CV complications, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and healthcare costs (lipid-lowering treatment and CV events) for up to 20 years after initial treatment. The analysis was carried out from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System, with costs (in year 2010 euros) and effects being discounted at 3% per year. RESULTS: Compared with generic atorvastatin, rosuvastatin was cost-effective (cost per QALY gained of less than €30,000) for the primary prevention of CV events in high-risk patients in most sub-groups analyzed. In patients with prior CVD, rosuvastatin was cost-effective in all sub-groups of men and most sub-groups of women. Key limitations of this study were the need to extrapolate data from a single trial to long-term modeled outcomes and the absence of other treatment options in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: For the treatment of dyslipidemic patients with high CV risk, rosuvastatin is more effective than generic atorvastatin in terms of survival and quality-of-life adjusted survival, with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios within the range generally used in Spain, in most sub-populations defined by various combinations of CV risk factors.

Manifestaciones clínicas de la hipercolesterolemia familiar heterozigota en España. Estudio de 301 casos de la zona centro y norte / Clinical manifestations of heterozygous familial hipercholesterolaemia in Spain. Report of 301 cases from the central and northern areas

Fundamento: Caracterizar las manifestaciones clínicas de la hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) en España Pacientes y métodos: Serie de 301 casos con HF procedentes del centro y norte de España. Resultados: Con un colesterol medio (DE) de 346 (58) mg/dl sólo el 7,6 por ciento de los casos presenta xantomas y el 20 por ciento cardiopatía isquémica (CI). En el 51 por ciento existe el antecedente familiar de CI. Conclusiones: En desacuerdo con la bibliografía internacional, los xantomas son muy infrecuentes en la HF en España, por lo que la sospecha del diagnóstico debe basarse en otras manifestaciones. La elevada presencia del antecedente familiar de CI convierte este aspecto en un marcador útil para el diagnóstico y la prevención. (AU)