ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychological disorder that affects the development of children and adolescents. The causes are not fully known although the origin of the disorder appears to depend on a combination of environmental, social, biochemical, and genetic factors. There is substantial evidence the Covid-19 pandemic caused an increase in mental disorders and therefore in spending related to the treatment of diseases. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in two international centers of very different origins and cultures, one in Europe (Italy) and one in Central America (Costa Rica), to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on ADHD medication prescriptions and its costs. The analysis resulting from mining the databases in each individual nation allowed for the actual amounts of defined daily dose (DDD) prescribed and dispensed between the years 2019 and 2022 of methylphenidate and atomoxetine. RESULTS: The data show that the Italian ADHD medications DDDs and expenditure are aligned with the results in Costa Rica. It was found that from the year 2019 to the year 2022, both methylphenidate and atomoxetine prescriptions grew steadily, confirming a much higher incidence of the condition than in pre-pandemic periods. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the global pandemic had an influence on the increase in the number of ADHD medication prescriptions. Individuals with ADHD are a population of individuals who may be particularly vulnerable to the distress caused by the pandemic, restrictions, and severe physical removal measures that have occurred in recent years.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , COVID-19 , Central Nervous System Stimulants , Methylphenidate , Child , Adolescent , Humans , United States , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Atomoxetine Hydrochloride/therapeutic use , Pandemics , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , COVID-19/epidemiology , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , PrescriptionsABSTRACT
El presente libro tiene la gracia y la alegría de presentar a los niños de Chile, y por qué no del resto de los países de Latinoamérica, algunas señas de la rica cosmovisión Aymara, pueblo andino nacido en edades remotas a orillas del lago Titicaca y que perdura hasta hoy, proyectando a nuestra cultura nacional sus ricas expresiones, normas de vida, lengua, y sobre todo su oralidad manifestada en cuentos y poemas o refranes..
