Colonic malignancy: always adenocarcinomas?

Colorectal lymphomas represent one of the lesions that can be found in a colonoscopy and whose appearance can be indistinguishable from any other type of tumour, so it is important to be aware of them and include them in the differential diagnosis of colonic neoformations.

Esophageal pharmacobezoar: a very unusual complication of enteral nutrition use.

Enteral nutrition in intensive care has been a great advance in medicine, due to its benefit, cost-effectiveness and few complications. Bronchoaspiration, diarrhea, regurgitation or mechanical problems are the main adverse effects. Esophageal obstruction by bezoar is a very infrequent complication, and there are only a few cases described in the literature.

Complexity changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: An MEG study of subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse magnetoencephalogram (MEG) signals with Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC) to identify the regions of the brain showing changes related to cognitive decline and Alzheimers Disease (AD). METHODS: LZC was used to study MEG signals in the source space from 99 participants (36 male, 63 female, average age: 71.82 ± 4.06) in three groups (33 subjects per group): healthy (control) older adults, older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Analyses were performed in broadband (2-45 Hz) and in classic narrow bands (theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), low beta (12-20 Hz), high beta (20-30 Hz), and, gamma (30-45 Hz)). RESULTS: LZC was significantly lower in subjects with MCI than in those with SCD. Moreover, subjects with MCI had significantly lower MEG complexity than controls and SCD subjects in the beta frequency band. Lower complexity was correlated with smaller hippocampal volumes. CONCLUSIONS: Brain complexity - measured with LZC - decreases in MCI patients when compared to SCD and healthy controls. This decrease is associated with a decrease in hippocampal volume, a key feature in AD progression. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to date characterising the changes of brain activity complexity showing the specific spatial pattern of the alterations as well as the morphological correlations throughout preclinical stages of AD.

Rewarding deep brain stimulation at the medial forebrain bundle favours avoidance conditioned response in a remote memory test, hinders extinction and increases neurogenesis.

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) at the medial forebrain bundle consistently facilitates learning and memory in rats when administered post-training or when administered non-concurrent to training, but its scope regarding remote memory has not yet been studied. The present work aims to test whether the combination of these two forms of ICSS administration can cause a greater persistence of the facilitating effect on remote retention and affect neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Rats were trained in active avoidance conditioning and tested in two retention sessions (10 and 90 days) and later extinction. Subjects received an ICSS session after each of the five avoidance acquisition sessions (post-training treatment) and half of them also received ten additional ICSS sessions during the rest period between retention tests (non-concurrent treatment). All the stimulated groups showed a higher performance in acquisition and retention sessions, but only the rats receiving both ICSS treatments showed greater resistance to extinction. Remarkably, at seven months, rats receiving the non-concurrent ICSS treatment had a greater number of DCX-positive cells in the DG as well as a higher amount of new-born cells within the granular layer compared to rats that did not receive this additional ICSS treatment. Our present findings significantly extend the temporal window of the facilitating effect of ICSS on active avoidance and demonstrate a neurogenic effect of rewarding medial forebrain bundle stimulation.

The Role of Magnetoencephalography in the Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease.

The ever increasing proportion of aged people in modern societies is leading to a substantial increase in the number of people affected by dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in particular, which is the most common cause for dementia. Throughout the course of the last decades several different compounds have been tested to stop or slow disease progression with limited success, which is giving rise to a strong interest toward the early stages of the disease. Alzheimer's disease has an extended an insidious preclinical stage in which brain pathology accumulates slowly until clinical symptoms are observable in prodromal stages and in dementia. For this reason, the scientific community is focusing into investigating early signs of AD which could lead to the development of validated biomarkers. While some CSF and PET biomarkers have already been introduced in the clinical practice, the use of non-invasive measures of brain function as early biomarkers is still under investigation. However, the electrophysiological mechanisms and the early functional alterations underlying preclinical Alzheimer's Disease is still scarcely studied. This work aims to briefly review the most relevant findings in the field of electrophysiological brain changes as measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG). MEG has proven its utility in some clinical areas. However, although its clinical relevance in dementia is still limited, a growing number of studies highlighted its sensitivity in these preclinical stages. Studies focusing on different analytical approaches will be reviewed. Furthermore, their potential applications to establish early diagnosis and determine subsequent progression to dementia are discussed.

Algunas variables relacionadas con la hipertensión arterial en una población venezolana de Colinas de los Rosales / Some variables related with the hypertension in a Venezuelan population from Colinas de los Rosales

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de la población adulta de Colinas de los Rosales, perteneciente al municipio de Urdaneta en el estado de Miranda (República Bolivariana de Venezuela), con vistas a determinar la morbilidad oculta por hipertensión arterial y algunas otras variables relacionadas con esta afección. Se aplicó la prueba del peso sostenido para identificar hiperreacciones cardiovasculares y se midió la circunferencia abdominal para precisar el riesgo de padecer enfermedades del corazón; ambos resultados coincidentemente positivos en 19 pacientes, de donde se derivó que su ejecución contribuirí­a a diagnosticar el aumento mantenido de la tensión en las arterias. Se halló una primacía del padecimiento en las mujeres y en integrantes de la casuística de 43-52 años, así como también que entre los procesos morbosos más asociados predominó la hiperuricemia y entre los factores de riesgo prevalecieron el estrés, el sedentarismo y la ingestión excesiva de sal(AU)

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of the adult population from Colina de los Rosales, belonging to the municipality of Urdaneta in Miranda state (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) was carried out, aimed at determining the hidden morbidity due to hypertension and some other variables related with this disorder. The test of the sustained weight was applied to identify cardiovascular hyperreactions and the abdominal circumference was measured to specify the risk of suffering heart diseases; both results coincidently positive in 19 patients, from where it was derived that its use would contribute to diagnose the maintained increase in the tension of the arteries. It was found that there was a primacy of the disorder in women and in the case material from 43 to 52 years-old, as well as that among the most associated morbid processes hyperuricemia prevailed and among the risk factors stress, sedentarism and the excessive salt intake prevailed (AU)

Algunas variables relacionadas con la hipertensión arterial en una población venezolana de Colinas de los Rosales / Some variables related with the hypertension in a Venezuelan population from Colinas de los Rosales

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de la población adulta de Colinas de los Rosales, perteneciente al municipio de Urdaneta en el estado de Miranda (República Bolivariana de Venezuela), con vistas a determinar la morbilidad oculta por hipertensión arterial y algunas otras variables relacionadas con esta afección. Se aplicó la prueba del peso sostenido para identificar hiperreacciones cardiovasculares y se midió la circunferencia abdominal para precisar el riesgo de padecer enfermedades del corazón; ambos resultados coincidentemente positivos en 19 pacientes, de donde se derivó que su ejecución contribuirí­a a diagnosticar el aumento mantenido de la tensión en las arterias. Se halló una primacía del padecimiento en las mujeres y en integrantes de la casuística de 43-52 años, así como también que entre los procesos morbosos más asociados predominó la hiperuricemia y entre los factores de riesgo prevalecieron el estrés, el sedentarismo y la ingestión excesiva de sal.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of the adult population from Colina de los Rosales, belonging to the municipality of Urdaneta in Miranda state (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) was carried out, aimed at determining the hidden morbidity due to hypertension and some other variables related with this disorder. The test of the sustained weight was applied to identify cardiovascular hyperreactions and the abdominal circumference was measured to specify the risk of suffering heart diseases; both results coincidently positive in 19 patients, from where it was derived that its use would contribute to diagnose the maintained increase in the tension of the arteries. It was found that there was a primacy of the disorder in women and in the case material from 43 to 52 years-old, as well as that among the most associated morbid processes hyperuricemia prevailed and among the risk factors stress, sedentarism and the excessive salt intake prevailed.