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1.
Neuroscience ; 289: 300-14, 2015 Mar 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25596320

ABSTRACT

Early degeneration of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is considered part of changes that characterize premotor stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this paper, the effects of unilateral neurotoxic lesion of the PPN in motor execution and in the development of oxidative stress events in striatal and nigral tissues in rats were evaluated. The motor performance was assessed using the beam test (BT) and the cylinder test (CT). Nigral and striatal redox balance, was studied by means of biochemical indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and the catalase enzymatic activity (CAT EA). Lesioned rats showed fine motor dysfunction expressed both as an increase in the length (p<0.001) and deviation (p<0.001) of the traveled path and also in the time spent (p<0.01) in the circular small beam (CBS) (p<0.01) in comparison with control groups. In addition, the lesioned rats group presented a right asymmetry index greater than 0.5 which is consistent with a significant increase in the percentage of use of the right forelimb (ipsilateral to the lesion), compared with the control group (p<0.05). Biochemical studies revealed that after 48-h PPN neurotoxic injury, the CAT EA showed a significant increase in the subtantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (p<0.05). This significant increase of CAT EA persisted in the nigral tissue (p<0.001) and reached the striatal tissue (p<0.001) seven days after PPN injury. Also at seven days post-injury PPN, increased concentrations of MDA (p<0.01) and a tendency to decrease in the concentrations of NO in both structures (SNpc and striatum) were found. The events associated with the generation of free radicals at nigral and striatal levels, can be part of the physiological mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction in rats with unilateral PPN neurotoxic lesion.


Subject(s)
Corpus Striatum/physiology , Motor Activity/physiology , Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus/physiopathology , Postural Balance/physiology , Substantia Nigra/physiology , Animals , Catalase/metabolism , Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/toxicity , Forelimb/physiopathology , Functional Laterality , Male , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Movement Disorders/physiopathology , N-Methylaspartate/toxicity , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus/drug effects , Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus/pathology , Rats, Wistar
2.
Neurosci Lett ; 559: 147-51, 2014 Jan 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24321407

ABSTRACT

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration was measured in the striatum and cortex after quinolinic acid intrastriatal lesion and transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMSC). The results showed a significant increase of the BDNF levels in the striatum and cortex of the lesioned animals and the ability of the transplanted cells to increase the levels of BDNF in both sites. This recovery of BDNF production and distribution might have beneficial effects and ameliorate the negative consequences of the striatal lesion, a mechanism of potential interest for the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD).


Subject(s)
Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis , Quinolinic Acid/toxicity , Animals , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/surgery , Corpus Striatum/drug effects , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Corpus Striatum/surgery , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
4.
Rev Neurol ; 40(9): 518-22, 2005.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15898011

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Transplant is one of the alternatives available for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases aimed at replacing the cells lost during the course of the disease. One promising source of cells for the development of transplants could be the mononucleate cells from bone marrow. AIMS. The purpose of this study was to study the capacity of bone marrow mononucleate cells to survive the transplant process, and to search for a method that enables tracking of these cells in vivo once they have been implanted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bone marrow mononucleate cells were extracted from the femur of rats by means of a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The cells under study were modified genetically with an adenovirus that expresses the PFV or which are marked with Hoechst dye. The marked cells were implanted in the striatum of rats with lesions caused by quinolinic acid. RESULTS: The viability of the genetically modified cells was low, whereas that of the cells marked with Hoechst dye was above 90%. The implanted cells survived the transplant at least a month and dispersed away from the site of entry towards the corpus callosum and cortex. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that the use of Hoechst dye offers more advantages for tracking these cells in vivo. Mononucleate cells have a number of characteristics that allow them to be included as candidate sources of cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.


Subject(s)
Bone Marrow Cells , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Cell Survival , Quinolinic Acid/toxicity , Visual Cortex , Animals , Benzimidazoles/metabolism , Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Bone Marrow Cells/physiology , Cell Movement , Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism , Male , Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Visual Cortex/cytology , Visual Cortex/drug effects , Visual Cortex/pathology
5.
Rev Neurol ; 40(9)May. 2005. ilus
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-39992

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El trasplante es una de las alternativas para el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, y está encaminado hacia el reemplazo de las células perdidas durante el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Una fuente celular prometedora para el desarrollo de los trasplantes podrían ser las células mononucleadas de la médula ósea. Objetivo. Estudiar la capacidad de las células mononucleadas de la médula ósea de sobrevivir al trasplante y buscar un método que permita el seguimiento de estas células in vivo una vez implantadas. Materiales y métodos. Las células mononucleadas fueron extraídas del fémur de ratas mediante un gradiente de Ficoll-Hypaque. Las células objeto de estudio fueron modificadas genéticamente con un adenovirus que expresa la PFV o marcadas con el reactivo de Hoechst. Las células marcadas se implantaron en el estriado de ratas lesionadas con ácido quinolínico. Resultados. La viabilidad de las células modificadas genéticamente fue baja, mientras que la de las células marcadas con el reactivo de Hoechst fue superior al 90 por ciento. Las células implantadas sobrevivieron al trasplante al menos un mes y se dispersaron desde el sitio de entrada hacia el cuerpo calloso y la corteza. Conclusiones. Consideramos más ventajoso el uso del reactivo de Hoechst para el seguimiento de estas células in vivo. Las células mononucleadas tienen características que les permiten formar parte de las fuentes celulares candidatas para el tratamiento de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas(AU)


Introduction: Transplant is one of the alternatives available for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases aimed at replacing the cells lost during the course of the disease. One promising source of cells for the development of transplants could be the mononucleate cells from bone marrow. AIMS. The purpose of this study was to study the capacity of bone marrow mononucleate cells to survive the transplant process, and to search for a method that enables tracking of these cells in vivo once they have been implanted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bone marrow mononucleate cells were extracted from the femur of rats by means of a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The cells under study were modified genetically with an adenovirus that expresses the PFV or which are marked with Hoechst dye. The marked cells were implanted in the striatum of rats with lesions caused by quinolinic acid. RESULTS: The viability of the genetically modified cells was low, whereas that of the cells marked with Hoechst dye was above 90percent. The implanted cells survived the transplant at least a month and dispersed away from the site of entry towards the corpus callosum and cortex. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that the use of Hoechst dye offers more advantages for tracking these cells in vivo. Mononucleate cells have a number of characteristics that allow them to be included as candidate sources of cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Bone Marrow Cells/physiology , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Cell Movement , Quinolinic Acid/toxicity , Visual Cortex/cytology , Visual Cortex , Visual Cortex/pathology
6.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 40(9): 518-522, 1 mayo, 2005. ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-037075

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El trasplante es una de las alternativas para el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, y está encaminado hacia el reemplazo de las células perdidas durante el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Una fuente celular prometedora para el desarrollo de los trasplantes podrían ser las células mononucleadas de la médula ósea. Objetivo. Estudiar la capacidad de las células mononucleadas de la médula ósea de sobrevivir al trasplante y buscar un método que permita el seguimiento de estas células in vivo una vez implantadas. Materiales y métodos. Las células mononucleadas fueron extraídas del fémur de ratas mediante un gradiente de Ficoll-Hypaque. Las células objeto de estudio fueron modificadas genéticamente con un adenovirus que expresa la PFV o marcadas con el reactivo de Hoechst. Las células marcadas se implantaron en el estriado de ratas lesionadas con ácido quinolínico. Resultados. La viabilidad de las células modificadas genéticamente fue baja, mientras que la de las células marcadas con el reactivo de Hoechst fue superior al 90%. Las células implantadas sobrevivieron al trasplante al menos un mes y se dispersaron desde el sitio de entrada hacia el cuerpo calloso y la corteza. Conclusiones. Consideramos más ventajoso el uso del reactivo de Hoechst para el seguimiento de estas células in vivo. Las células mononucleadas tienen características que les permiten formar parte de las fuentes celulares candidatas para el tratamiento de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas


Introduction. Transplant is one of the alternatives available for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases aimed at replacing the cells lost during the course of the disease. One promising source of cells for the development of transplants could be the mononucleate cells from bone marrow. Aims. The purpose of this study was to study the capacity of bone marrow mononucleate cells to survive the transplant process, and to search for a method that enables tracking of these cells in vivo once they have been implanted. Materials and methods. Bone marrow mononucleate cells were extracted from the femur of rats by means of a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The cells under study were modified genetically with an adenovirus that expresses the PFV or which are marked with Hoechst dye. The marked cells were implanted in the striatum of rats with lesions caused by quinolinic acid. Results. The viability of the genetically modified cells was low, whereas that of the cells marked with Hoechst dye was above 90%. The implanted cells survived the transplant at least a month and dispersed away from the site of entry towards the corpus callosum and cortex. Conclusions. We consider that the use of Hoechst dye offers more advantages for tracking these cells in vivo. Mononucleate cells have a number of characteristics that allow them to be included as candidate sources of cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Cell Survival/immunology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology , Cell Transplantation/methods , Rats, Sprague-Dawley/immunology , Adenoviruses, Human , Quinolinic Acid/analysis
8.
Rev Neurol ; 39(2): 101-4, 2004.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15264156

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and experimental data support the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogeny of epilepsy. The purpose of this work was to study the immunological aspects in 30 epileptic patients with complex partial crisis resistant to antiepileptic drugs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients were evaluated by EEG-Video and they were grouped attending to epileptogenic focus localization in: temporals (n = 16), lateralized (n = 6) and extratemporals (n = 4). We also studied a group with psychogenic epilepsy (n = 4), this group was diagnosed after EEG-video evaluation. The following immunological evaluations has been carried out: levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM e IgA) by radial immunodiffusion test and lymphocytic subpopulations using immunocytochemical methods. We measured the percent of T and B lymphocytes (CD3 and CD20), helper/inductor lymphocyte T (CD4), suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8), interleukine-2 receptor (CD25) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR). RESULTS: The results show a significant increase of CD8+ lymphocytes (p < 0.05) and in the activation markers (CD25+ and HLA-DR+ cells). The evaluation of immunological parameters applied to different group of epileptogenic focus localization shown that the increase of CD8+ lymphocytes is limited to temporal and lateralized patients (p < 0.01). The patients with extratemporal localization of focus and the psychogenic cases shown normal values for the evaluated immunological lymphocyte markers. We did not find a deficit in the humoral immunological aspects. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account that patients diagnosed as psychogenic received an antiepileptic drug treatment identical to that of the other group, the observed immunological changes might be related with the patogeny of certain epilepsy variants associated with the focus localization and not with the medication.


Subject(s)
Epilepsy/immunology , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Immune System Diseases/physiopathology , Adult , Antigens, Surface/metabolism , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/classification , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulins/blood , Lymphocyte Subsets , Male , Video Recording
9.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 39(2): 101-104, 16 jul., 2004.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-34468

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Datos clínicos y experimentales evidencian el papel del sistema inmune en la patogenia de la epilepsia. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar los resultados de los estudios inmunológicos realizados a 30 pacientes epilépticos con crisis parciales complejas refractarias a tratamiento médico, evaluados por vídeo-EEG. Pacientes y métodos. Los pacientes se agruparon de acuerdo con la localización del foco epileptogénico en: temporales (n = 16), lateralizados (n = 6) y extratemporales (n = 4). Se estudiaron, además, pacientes (n = 4) diagnosticados según la evaluación por vídeo-EEG como epilepsia psicógena. Se determinaron los niveles de inmunoglobulinas (IgG, IgM e IgA) por inmunodifusión radial y se cuantificaron por inmunocitoquímica los linfocitos T y B (CD3 y CD20), así como los marcadores linfocitarios: CD4, CD8, CD25 y HLA-DR. Resultados. Se evidenció un aumento significativo en el porcentaje de linfocitos T CD8+ (supresores/citotóxicos, p < 0,05) y de los marcadores de activación CD25 (células receptor IL-2) y HLA-DR (antígeno leucocitario humano DR). La evaluación de los parámetros inmunológicos en los diferentes grupos de localización del foco epileptogénico mostró que el aumento significativo de los linfocitos CD8+ se limita a los casos temporales y lateralizados (p < 0,01). Los pacientes con localización extratemporal y los casos psicógenos mostraron valores normales para todos los marcadores evaluados; este último grupo recibía el mismo tratamiento médico que el resto de los pacientes. Conclusiones. Estos resultados evidencian que existen alteraciones del sistema inmune en los pacientes epilépticos con crisis parciales complejas no asociadas al tratamiento antiepiléptico; las mismas pueden ser factores relevantes en la patogenia de la epilepsia y guardan relación con la localización del foco epileptogénico (AU)


Objective. Clinical and experimental data support the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogeny of epilepsy. The purpose of this work was to study the immunological aspects in 30 epileptic patients with complex partial crisis resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Patients and methods. The patients were evaluated by EEG-Video and they were grouped attending to epileptogenic focus localization in: temporals (n = 16), lateralized (n = 6) and extratemporals (n = 4). We also studied a group with psychogenic epilepsy (n = 4), this group was diagnosed after EEG-video evaluation. The following immunological evaluations has been carried out: levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM e IgA) by radial immunodiffusion test and lymphocytic subpopulations using immunocytochemical methods. We measured the percent of T and B lymphocytes (CD3 and CD20), helper/inductor lymphocyte T (CD4), suppresor/cytotoxic (CD8), interleukine-2 receptor (CD25) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR). Results. The results show a significant increase of CD8+ lymphocytes (p < 0.05) and in the activation markers (CD25+ and HLA-DR+ cells). The evaluation of immunological parameters applied to different group of epileptogenic focus localization shown that the increase of CD8+ lymphocytes is limited to temporal and lateralized patients (p < 0.01). The patients with extratemporal localization of focus and the psychogenic cases shown normal values for the evaluated immunological lymphocyte markers. We did not find a deficit in the humoral immunological aspects. Conclusions. Taking into account that patients diagnosed as psyhcogenic received an antiepileptic drug treatment identical to that of the other group, the observed immunological changes might be related with the patogeny of certain epilepsy variants associated with the focus localization and not with the medication (AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aged , Adolescent , Male , Lipid Peroxidation , Epilepsy , Lymphocyte Subsets , Anticonvulsants , Immunoglobulins , Video Recording , Electroencephalography , Antigens, Surface , Valproic Acid , Immune System Diseases
10.
Rev Neurol ; 39(2)July 2004. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-40100

ABSTRACT

Datos clínicos y experimentales evidencian el papel del sistema inmune en la patogenia de la epilepsia. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar los resultados de los estudios inmunológicos realizados a 30 pacientes epilépticos con crisis parciales complejas refractarias a tratamiento médico, evaluados por vídeo-EEG. Pacientes y métodos. Los pacientes se agruparon de acuerdo con la localización del foco epileptogénico en: temporales (n = 16), lateralizados (n = 6) y extratemporales (n = 4). Se estudiaron, además, pacientes (n = 4) diagnosticados según la evaluación por vídeo-EEG como epilepsia psicógena. Se determinaron los niveles de inmunoglobulinas (IgG, IgM e IgA) por inmunodifusión radial y se cuantificaron por inmunocitoquímica los linfocitos T y B (CD3 y CD20), así como los marcadores linfocitarios: CD4, CD8, CD25 y HLA-DR. Resultados. Se evidenció un aumento significativo en el porcentaje de linfocitos T CD8+ (supresores/citotóxicos, p < 0,05) y de los marcadores de activación CD25 (células receptor IL-2) y HLA-DR (antígeno leucocitario humano DR). La evaluación de los parámetros inmunológicos en los diferentes grupos de localización del foco epileptogénico mostró que el aumento significativo de los linfocitos CD8+ se limita a los casos temporales y lateralizados (p < 0,01). Los pacientes con localización extratemporal y los casos psicógenos mostraron valores normales para todos los marcadores evaluados; este último grupo recibía el mismo tratamiento médico que el resto de los pacientes. Conclusiones. Estos resultados evidencian que existen alteraciones del sistema inmune en los pacientes epilépticos con crisis parciales complejas no asociadas al tratamiento antiepiléptico; las mismas pueden ser factores relevantes en la patogenia de la epilepsia y guardan relación con la localización del foco epileptogénico(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Epilepsy/immunology , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Immune System Diseases
11.
Rev Neurol ; 38(2): 128-32, 2004.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14752710

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Several studies that has focused to the dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia in parkinsonian condition, but only a few article has taking into account the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic transmission. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the muscarinic cholinergic receptors density in SNc and PPN in the 6-OHDA model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Were organized five experimental groups in correspondence to the place of the lesion: I. Non treated rats, II. 6-OHDA lesion in SNc, III. 6-OHDA lesion in SNc + quinolinic acid lesion in NST, IV. Sham operated rats, V. Quinolinic acid in STN. Were obtained coronal sections of 20 microm thickness of SNc and PPN from rats and in these sections was evaluated the muscarinic receptors density through autoradiographic technique with [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) (1.23 nM). The muscarinic antagonist atropine (1 microM) was utilized as non-specific union. The density was evaluated in both hemispheres and the density optical was converted in fentomolas/mg of tissue with base to values obtained from tritium standards. RESULTS: Significant diminution of the muscarinic receptors density was found in the SNc ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion from experimental groups II (t=2.76; p<0.05) and III (t=4.06; p<0.05). In the group V, was seen a significant increase of muscarinic receptor density in the SNc ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion. The comparison between experimental groups evidenced significant differences among them (F=13.13; p<0.001) with a significant decrease in the density from SNc of groups II and III and significant increase in the density from SNc of group V in comparison of the others groups. In relation to PPN, muscarinic receptors density from right PPN ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion, shown significant differences (F=3.93; p<0.01) between the experimental groups with a significant increase of this variable in the group II. CONCLUSIONS: These results signal a modification of cholinergic activity after 6-OHDA lesion. The changes in the muscarinic receptors populations located in SNc and PPN could be part of different compensatory mechanisms to attempt ameliorate the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic transmission that it was installed after denervation of nigrostriatal forebrain bundle. The excitotoxic lesion of STN impose a new adjust mechanism for cell from PPN, which could be expressed in the changes of muscarinic cholinergic receptors population at the level of SNc.


Subject(s)
Basal Ganglia/chemistry , Receptors, Muscarinic/analysis , Substantia Nigra/chemistry , Subthalamic Nucleus/chemistry , Animals , Autoradiography , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
12.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 38(2): 128-132, 16 ene., 2004. ilus, graf
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-29450

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Numerosos estudios han abordado el papel de la neurotransmisión dopaminérgica en los ganglios basales en condiciones de parkinsonismo, pero pocos se han encaminado hacia el desequilibrio entre la trasmisión dopaminérgica y colinérgica. Objetivo. Evaluar la densidad de receptores colinérgicos muscarínicos en sustancia negra pars compacta (SNc) y núcleo pedunculopontino (NPP) en el modelo de 6-OHDA. Materiales y métodos. Se organizaron cinco grupos experimentales según la lesión de SNcyNST: 1. Animales sanos; 2. Ratas lesionadas con 6-OHDA; 3. Ratas con lesión simultánea de SNcyNST; 4. Ratas Sham del modelo de 6-OHDA; 5. Ratas con lesión de NST. Se obtuvieron cortes de 20 µm de grosor de SNc y NPP de ratas, en los cuales se evaluó la densidad de receptores colinérgicos muscarínicos por autorradiografía con [3H]quinuclidinilbencilato (QNB) (1,23 nM). Como unión no específica se usó el antagonista muscarínico atropina (1 µM). Se realizaron lecturas en los dos hemisferios y la densidad óptica se convirtió en fentomolas por mg de tejido con base en los valores obtenidos de los estándares de tritio. Resultados. En los grupos 2 (t = 2,76; p < 0,05) y 3 (t = 4,06; p < 0,05) se evidenció una disminución significativa de la densidad de receptores muscarínicos en la SNc ipsilateral a la lesión de 6-OHDA. El grupo 5 mostró un aumento significativo de la densidad de receptores muscarínicos en la SNc lesionada con 6-OHDA (t = 2,69; p < 0,05). La comparación entre grupos experimentales arrojó diferencias significativas entre éstos (F=13,13;p<0,001), con una disminución en los grupos 2 y 3 y un aumento significativo en el grupo 5, en relación con los restantes grupos. La densidad de receptores muscarínicos para el NPP derecho ipsilateral a la lesión de SNc mostró diferencias significativas entre los grupos experimentales (F=3,93;p<0,01), con un aumento significativo de esta variable en el grupo 2. Conclusiones. Estos resultados apuntan hacia una modificación de la actividad colinérgica posterior a la denervación de la SNc por inyección de 6-OHDA. Los cambios en las poblaciones de receptores muscarínicos distribuidos en SNc y NPP pueden ser parte de distintos mecanismos compensatorios que intentan atenuar el desequilibrio entre las transmisiones dopaminérgica y colinérgica, que se instala después de la degeneración de la vía negroestriatal. La lesión excitotóxica de lNST impone un nuevo mecanismo de ajuste a las células del NPP, que pudiera expresarse en los cambios en las poblaciones de receptores colinérgicos de la SNc (AU)


Introduction. Several studies that has focused to the dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia in parkinsonian condition, but only a few article has taking into account the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic transmission. Objective. To evaluate the muscarinic cholinergic receptors density in SNc and PPN in the 6-OHDA model. Materials and methods. Were organized five experimental groups in correspondence to the place of the lesion: I. Non treated rats, II. 6-OHDA lesion in SNc, III. 6-OHDA lesion in SNc + quinolinic acid lesion in NST, IV. Sham operated rats, V. Quinolinic acid in STN. Were obtained coronal sections of 20 µm thickness of SNc and PPN from rats and in these sections was evaluated the muscarinic receptors density through autoradiographic technique with [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) (1.23 nM). The muscarinic antagonist atropine (1 µM) was utilized as non-specific union. The density was evaluated in both hemispheres and the density optical was converted in fentomolas/mg of tissue with base to values obtained from tritium standards. Results. Significant diminution of the muscarinic receptors density was found in the SNc ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion from experimental groups II (t = 2.76; p < 0.05) and III (t = 4.06; p < 0.05). In the group V, was seen a significant increase of muscarinic receptor density in the SNc ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion. The comparison between experimental groups evidenced significant differences among them (F = 13.13; p < 0.001) with a significant decrease in the density from SNc of groups II and III and significant increase in the density from SNc of group V in comparison of the others groups. In relation to PPN, muscarinic receptors density from right PPN ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion, shown significant differences (F = 3.93; p < 0.01) between the experimental groups with a significant increase of this variable in the group II. Conclusions. These results signal a modification of cholinergic activity after 6-OHDA lesion. The changes in the muscarinic receptors populations located in SNc and PPN could be part of different compensatory mechanisms to attempt ameliorate the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic transmission that it was installed after denervation of nigrostriatal forebrain bundle. The excitotoxic lesion of STN impose a new adjust mechanism for cell from PPN, which could be expressed in the changes of muscarinic cholinergic receptors population at the level of SNc (AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Male , Rats, Wistar , Substantia Nigra , Subthalamic Nucleus , Receptors, Muscarinic , Autoradiography , Basal Ganglia
13.
Rev Neurol ; 36(12): 1181-5, 2003.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12833240

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: There is currently a growing interest for conducting studies into the electrical and neurochemical activity of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) due to the privileged position occupied by this structure in the flow of information to and from the cortex. This nucleus acts as a relay, not only for the motor information that is processed in the basal ganglia but also for information of an emotional type, whose main centre is the nucleus accumbens. It is also strongly linked with the aspects that determine the mechanisms governing addiction to certain drugs. DEVELOPMENT: We conduct a detailed analysis of the main findings from studies of the role played by the PPN in the physiopathology of Parkinsonism, namely the study of metabolic activity, immunohistochemical studies with different tracers, electrophysiological studies that have confirmed the immunohistochemical observations, as well as deep electrical stimulation carried out in non human primates. Furthermore, we also examine the part played by this structure in the processing of emotional information associated with different learning tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the authors grant the PPN a privileged position in the physiopathology of the axial disorders related to Parkinson s disease; its most important afference, stemming from the subthalamic nucleus, appears to play a key role in the understanding of the part played by the PPN in Parkinsonism.


Subject(s)
Emotions , Motor Activity/physiology , Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus/physiology , Animals , Humans , Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism , Parkinson Disease/metabolism , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus/anatomy & histology
14.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 36(12): 1181-1185, 16 jun., 2003.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-27654

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Existe en la actualidad un interés creciente por abordar el estudio de la actividad eléctrica y neuroquímica del núcleo pedunculopontino (NPP), debido a la posición privilegiada de esta estructura en el flujo de información que procede de la corteza y regresa a ella. Este núcleo sirve de relevo no sólo a la información motora que se procesa en los ganglios basales, sino también a la información de tipo emocional cuyo principal centro es el núcleo accumbens y está estrechamente relacionado con los mecanismos de adicción a determinados fármacos. Desarrollo. Se realiza un análisis detallado de los principales resultados sobre la función que desempeña el NPP en la fisiopatología del parkinsonismo, a saber: estudio de su actividad metabólica, estudios inmunohistoquímicos con diferentes trazadores, estudios electrofisiológicos-que han confirmado las observaciones inmunohistoquímicas-, así como estimulación eléctrica profunda practicada en primates. Igualmente, se aborda la participación de esta estructura en el procesamiento de información emocional asociada a distintas tareas de aprendizaje. Conclusiones. En general, los autores confieren al NPP una función privilegiada en la fisiopatología de los trastornos axiales relacionados con la enfermedad de Parkinson; su aferencia más importante, procedente del núcleo subtalámico, parece ser una pieza clave para entender la participación del NPP en el parkinsonismo (AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Emotions , Motor Activity , Parkinson Disease , Nucleus Accumbens , Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus
15.
Rev Neurol ; 35(8): 794-7, 2002.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12402235

ABSTRACT

Bioethics , which provides a new ethical outlook on human life, is a term used in public health and biomedical research issues. It is for this reason that, in this paper, we decided to analyse certain aspects associated with the ethical considerations we must bear in mind when conducting research in humans, although the purpose of doing so is to cure or to improve the quality of life of people who suffer from certain diseases, many of which are fatal. Reasons are put forward to make it necessary to doubt which is the strategy with the most favourable benefit/risk relation for those who will undergo such interventions. We describe Alzheimer s disease and discuss the possible use of neurotrophic drugs in the treatment of this disorder (NGF therapy). We also emphasise the care that will have to be taken in each of the stages of development of the research. That is why we are witnessing the emergence of a new culture that is needed to regulate the multiple interventions that can be performed on life, and to guarantee the primacy of what is good, both for the human being of today and those of generations to come.


Subject(s)
Bioethical Issues , Nerve Growth Factors/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Animals , Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics , Clinical Trials as Topic/methods , Clinical Trials as Topic/standards , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Therapy/ethics , Female , Human Experimentation/ethics , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nerve Growth Factor/adverse effects , Nerve Growth Factor/physiology , Nerve Growth Factor/therapeutic use , Nerve Growth Factors/adverse effects , Nerve Growth Factors/physiology , Primates , Quality of Life , Rodentia , Safety
16.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 35(8): 794-797, 16 oct., 2002.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-22393

ABSTRACT

El término `bioética', que da un nuevo enfoque ético de la vida humana, se aplica a los problemas de la salud pública e investigaciones biomédicas; es por esta razón que en este trabajo nos propusimos analizar algunos aspectos relacionados con las consideraciones éticas que debemos tener en cuenta a la hora de realizar una investigación en humanos, a pesar de que la misma se hace con el propósito de curar o mejorar la calidad de vida de personas que sufren de determinadas enfermedades, en muchos casos mortales. Se dan razones para que sea necesario dudar de cuál es la estrategia con una relación beneficio/riesgo más favorable para aquellos que se atenderán con dichas intervenciones. Describimos la enfermedad de Alzheimer y discutimos la posible utilización de factores neurotróficos en el tratamiento de dicha afección (terapia con NGF), y hacemos énfasis en los cuidados que deberán tomarse en cada una de las etapas en las que se desarrolla la investigación. Es por ello que en estos momentos se impone una nueva cultura que se necesita para regular las múltiples acciones de intervención que pueden realizarse sobre la vida, y garantizar la primacía de lo que es bueno, tanto para el hombre de hoy como para las generaciones sucesivas (AU)


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Animals , Adult , Aged , Male , Female , Humans , Bioethical Issues , Nerve Growth Factors , Rodentia , Safety , Primates , Quality of Life , Nerve Growth Factor , Drug Therapy , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Human Experimentation , Clinical Trials as Topic , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
18.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 33(7): 648-652, 1 oct., 2001.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-27225

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. En este trabajo revisamos los conceptos más importantes relacionados con los aspectos inmunológicos que se han demostrado que en la actualidad pueden constituir uno de los pilares fundamentales de la llamada cascada neuroinmune que caracteriza a la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Hacemos énfasis en los mecanismos por medio de los cuales pueden tener lugar dichas alteraciones, así como su repercusión e implicaciones sobre esta enfermedad. Desarrollo. Entre el sistema nervioso, inmune y endocrino existe una estrecha relación provocada por la presencia de moléculas como las interleucinas que permiten dicha conexión, por ejemplo, la IL-1 e IL-6 están involucradas en los eventos inmunológicos que ocurren en la EA, en la cual se ha planteado que el daño celular y la neurodegeneración que aparece pueden deberse a una reacción neuroinmune asociada a mecanismos inflamatorios. La organización mundial de la salud (OMS) ha estimado que, para los próximos años, la población afectada ascenderá a alrededor de los 423 millones de personas por encima de los 65 años de edad, lo cual incluye una prevalencia del 13,9 por ciento para la EA en personas entre la edad de 70 y 89 años. Conclusiones. Tener conocimientos claros, precisos y confiables acerca de los mecanismos neuroinmunes que acontecen en la EA tienen una gran importancia si tenemos en cuenta que la determinación cuantitativa de interleucinas puede constituir una clave en la evaluación integral de los pacientes con EA así como servir de herramienta útil en el seguimiento de los pacientes que sean tratados con algún método neurorrestaurativo. Esto constituye un beneficio a la hora de caracterizar cada paciente, que se traducirá en la obtención de una mejor calidad de vida (AU)


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aged , Humans , Interleukin-6 , Alzheimer Disease , Interleukin-1
20.
Rev Neurol ; 32(9): 825-8, 2001.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11424032

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the best characterized neurotrophic polypeptide. Initially it was postulated that alterations in the expression of NGF within its production sites may be responsible for the consistent atrophy and loss of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in dementing illness such as Alzheimer s Disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: We analyze the NGF concentration in serum from control and patients with AD in order to elucidate something alteration in this fluid related with AD neuropathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We applied a twosite enzyme immunoassay to determine NGF levels in sera of patients with AD. RESULTS: Sera from Alzheimer s patients (36+/-7 pg/ml) showed slight but non significant reduction in NGF levels when compared with age related controls (66+/-18 pg/ml). On the another hand, the NGF concentrations in AD patients and control subjects to the sex were following: female AD patients showed a mean of 33.27+/-10.43 pg/ml vs 57.83+/-22 pg/ml founded in female controls, while the mean value for male AD patients was 40.87+/-12.29 pg/ml vs 37.47+/-12.28 pg/ml for the male controls. In all the cases studied, no significant differences were observed according to Student t-Test. CONCLUSIONS: Even when no significant differences were observed between controls and AD patients, the results show a tendency NGF concentration decrease in this illness. Certainly, NGF is produced not only in the forebrain but throughout the body, for this reason, more studies, including the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid would be useful to define the real relationship between NGF concentration changes in serum and AD-related changes in endogenous NGF concentrations, taking into account increasing levels by exogenous NGF administration could still be useful in maintaining the cholinergic neurons.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism , Prosencephalon/metabolism , Aged , Double-Blind Method , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Male , Nerve Growth Factor/blood , Nerve Growth Factor/cerebrospinal fluid
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