Magnetospheric Multiscale Observation of Plasma Velocity-Space Cascade: Hermite Representation and Theory.

Plasma turbulence is investigated using unprecedented high-resolution ion velocity distribution measurements by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) in the Earth's magnetosheath. This novel observation of a highly structured particle distribution suggests a cascadelike process in velocity space. Complex velocity space structure is investigated using a three-dimensional Hermite transform, revealing, for the first time in observational data, a power-law distribution of moments. In analogy to hydrodynamics, a Kolmogorov approach leads directly to a range of predictions for this phase-space transport. The scaling theory is found to be in agreement with observations. The combined use of state-of-the-art MMS data sets, novel implementation of a Hermite transform method, and scaling theory of the velocity cascade opens new pathways to the understanding of plasma turbulence and the crucial velocity space features that lead to dissipation in plasmas.

Turbulence generation during the head-on collision of Alfvénic wave packets.

The description of the Moffatt and Parker problem recently revisited by O. Pezzi et al. [Astrophys. J. 834, 166 (2017)1538-435710.3847/1538-4357/834/2/166] is here extended by analyzing the features of the turbulence produced by the interaction of two colliding Alfvénic wave packets in a kinetic plasma. Although the approach based on the presence of linear modes features is still helpful in characterizing some low-energy fluctuations, other signatures, which go beyond the pure linear modes analysis, are recovered, such as the significant weakening of clear dispersion relations and the production of zero frequency fluctuations.

Explosive Particle Dispersion in Plasma Turbulence.

Particle dynamics are investigated in plasma turbulence, using self-consistent kinetic simulations, in two dimensions. In the steady state, the trajectories of single protons and proton pairs are studied, at different values of plasma ß (ratio between kinetic and magnetic pressure). For single-particle displacements, results are consistent with fluids and magnetic field line dynamics, where particles undergo normal diffusion for very long times, with higher ß's being more diffusive. In an intermediate time range, with separations lying in the inertial range, particles experience an explosive dispersion in time, consistent with the Richardson prediction. These results, obtained for the first time with a self-consistent kinetic model, are relevant for astrophysical and laboratory plasmas, where turbulence is crucial for heating, mixing, and acceleration processes.

Intermittency, nonlinear dynamics and dissipation in the solar wind and astrophysical plasmas.

An overview is given of important properties of spatial and temporal intermittency, including evidence of its appearance in fluids, magnetofluids and plasmas, and its implications for understanding of heliospheric plasmas. Spatial intermittency is generally associated with formation of sharp gradients and coherent structures. The basic physics of structure generation is ideal, but when dissipation is present it is usually concentrated in regions of strong gradients. This essential feature of spatial intermittency in fluids has been shown recently to carry over to the realm of kinetic plasma, where the dissipation function is not known from first principles. Spatial structures produced in intermittent plasma influence dissipation, heating, and transport and acceleration of charged particles. Temporal intermittency can give rise to very long time correlations or a delayed approach to steady-state conditions, and has been associated with inverse cascade or quasi-inverse cascade systems, with possible implications for heliospheric prediction.

Magnetic field reversals and long-time memory in conducting flows.

Employing a simple ideal magnetohydrodynamic model in spherical geometry, we show that the presence of either rotation or finite magnetic helicity is sufficient to induce dynamical reversals of the magnetic dipole moment. The statistical character of the model is similar to that of terrestrial magnetic field reversals, with the similarity being stronger when rotation is present. The connection between long-time correlations, 1/f noise, and statistics of reversals is supported, consistent with earlier suggestions.

Local kinetic effects in two-dimensional plasma turbulence.

Using direct numerical simulations of a hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell model, kinetic processes are investigated in a two-dimensional turbulent plasma. In the turbulent regime, kinetic effects manifest through a deformation of the ion distribution function. These patterns of non-Maxwellian features are concentrated in space nearby regions of strong magnetic activity: the distribution function is modulated by the magnetic topology, and can elongate along or across the local magnetic field. These results open a new path on the study of kinetic processes such as heating, particle acceleration, and temperature anisotropy, commonly observed in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas.

Inhomogeneous kinetic effects related to intermittent magnetic discontinuities.

A connection between kinetic processes and two-dimensional intermittent plasma turbulence is observed using direct numerical simulations of a hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell model, in which the Vlasov equation is solved for protons, while the electrons are described as a massless fluid. During the development of turbulence, the proton distribution functions depart from the typical configuration of local thermodynamic equilibrium, displaying statistically significant non-Maxwellian features. In particular, temperature anisotropy and distortions are concentrated near coherent structures, generated as the result of the turbulent cascade, such as current sheets, which are nonuniformly distributed in space. Here, the partial variance of increments (PVI) method has been employed to identify high magnetic stress regions within a two-dimensional turbulent pattern. A quantitative association between non-Maxwellian features and coherent structures is established.

Emergence of very long time fluctuations and 1/f noise in ideal flows.

This paper shows the connection between three previously observed but seemingly unrelated phenomena in hydrodynamic (HD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulent flows, involving the emergence of fluctuations occurring on very long time scales: the low-frequency 1/f noise in the power frequency spectrum, the delayed ergodicity of complex valued amplitude fluctuations in wave number space, and the spontaneous flippings or reversals of large-scale fields. Direct numerical simulations of ideal MHD and HD are employed in three space dimensions, at low resolution, for long periods of time, and with high accuracy to study several cases: different geometries, presence of rotation and/or a uniform magnetic field, and different values of the associated conserved global quantities. It is conjectured that the origin of all these long-time phenomena is rooted in the interaction of the longest wavelength fluctuations available to the system, with fluctuations at much smaller scales. The strength of this nonlocal interaction is controlled either by the existence of conserved global quantities with a back-transfer in Fourier space or by the presence of a slow manifold in the dynamics.

Waiting-time distributions of magnetic discontinuities: clustering or Poisson process?

Using solar wind data from the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft, with the support of Hall magnetohydrodynamic simulations, the waiting-time distributions of magnetic discontinuities have been analyzed. A possible phenomenon of clusterization of these discontinuities is studied in detail. We perform a local Poisson's analysis in order to establish if these intermittent events are randomly distributed or not. Possible implications about the nature of solar wind discontinuities are discussed.

Hydrodynamic relaxation of an electron plasma to a near-maximum entropy state.

Dynamical relaxation of a pure electron plasma in a Malmberg-Penning trap is studied, comparing experiments, numerical simulations and statistical theories of weakly dissipative two-dimensional (2D) turbulence. Simulations confirm that the dynamics are approximated well by a 2D hydrodynamic model. Statistical analysis favors a theoretical picture of relaxation to a near-maximum entropy state with constrained energy, circulation, and angular momentum. This provides evidence that 2D electron fluid relaxation in a turbulent regime is governed by principles of maximum entropy.

Magnetic reconnection in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.

Systematic analysis of numerical simulations of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence reveals the presence of a large number of X-type neutral points where magnetic reconnection occurs. We examine the statistical properties of this ensemble of reconnection events that are spontaneously generated by turbulence. The associated reconnection rates are distributed over a wide range of values and scales with the geometry of the diffusion region. Locally, these events can be described through a variant of the Sweet-Parker model, in which the parameters are externally controlled by turbulence. This new perspective on reconnection is relevant in space and astrophysical contexts, where plasma is generally in a fully turbulent regime.

Ergodicity of ideal Galerkin three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics and Hall magnetohydrodynamics models.

We explore the problem of the ergodicity of magnetohydrodynamics and Hall magnetohydrodynamics in three-dimensional, ideal Galerkin systems that are truncated to a finite number of Fourier modes. We show how single Fourier modes follow the Gibbs ensemble prediction, and how the ergodicity of the phase space is restored for long-time Galerkin solutions. Running time averages and two-time correlation functions show, at long times, a convergence towards zero of time averaged single Fourier modes. This suggests a delayed approach to, rather than a breaking of, ergodicity. Finally, we present some preliminary ideas concerning the origin of the associated time scales.

Depression of nonlinearity in decaying isotropic MHD turbulence.

Spectral method simulations show that undriven magnetohydrodynamic turbulence spontaneously generates coherent spatial correlations of several types, associated with local Beltrami fields, directional alignment of velocity and magnetic fields, and antialignment of magnetic and fluid acceleration components. These correlations suppress nonlinearity to levels lower than what is obtained from Gaussian fields, and occur in spatial patches. We suggest that this rapid relaxation leads to non-Gaussian statistics and spatial intermittency.