ABSTRACT
The 7-azaindenoisoquinolines are cytotoxic topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors. Previously reported representatives bear a 3-nitro group. The present report documents the replacement of the potentially genotoxic 3-nitro group by 3-chloro and 3-fluoro substituents, resulting in compounds with high Top1 inhibitory activities and potent cytotoxicities in human cancer cell cultures and reduced lethality in an animal model. Some of the new Top1 inhibitors also possess moderate inhibitory activities against tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), two enzymes that are involved in DNA damage repair resulting from Top1 inhibitors, and they produce significantly more DNA damage in cancer cells than in normal cells. Eighteen of the new compounds had cytotoxicity mean-graph midpoint (MGM) GI50 values in the submicromolar (0.033-0.630 µM) range. Compounds 16b and 17b are the most potent in human cancer cell cultures with MGM GI50 values of 0.063 and 0.033 µM, respectively. Possible binding modes to Top1 and TDP1were investigated by molecular modeling.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism , Drug Design , Isoquinolines/pharmacology , Topoisomerase I Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , DNA Cleavage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Isoquinolines/chemical synthesis , Isoquinolines/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity Relationship , Topoisomerase I Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Topoisomerase I Inhibitors/chemistry , Tumor Cells, Cultured , ZebrafishABSTRACT
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be essential for cancer metastasis. While chromatin remodeling is involved in EMT, which processes contribute to this remodeling remain poorly investigated. Recently, we showed that silencing or removal of the histone variant H2A.X induced mesenchymal-like characteristics, including activation of the EMT transcription factors, Slug and Zeb1 in human colon cancer cells. Here, we provide the evidence that H2A.X loss in human non-tumorigenic breast cell line MCF10A results in a robust EMT activation, as substantiated by a genome-wide expression analysis. Cells deficient for H2A.X exhibit enhanced migration and invasion, along with an activation of a set of mesenchymal genes and a concomitant repression of epithelial genes. In the breast model, the EMT-related transcription factor Twist1 cooperates with Slug to regulate EMT upon H2A.X Loss. Of interest, H2A.X expression level tightly correlates with Twist1, and to a lesser extent with Slug in the panel of human breast cancer cell lines of the NCI-60 datasets. These new findings indicate that H2A.X is involved in the EMT processes in cells of different origins but pairing with transcription factors for EMT may be tissue specific.
Subject(s)
Breast/pathology , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Histones/metabolism , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Snail Family Transcription Factors/metabolism , Twist-Related Protein 1/metabolism , Breast/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics , Female , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , Models, BiologicalABSTRACT
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), considered essential for metastatic cancer, has been a focus of much research, but important questions remain. Here, we show that silencing or removing H2A.X, a histone H2A variant involved in cellular DNA repair and robust growth, induces mesenchymal-like characteristics including activation of EMT transcription factors, Slug and ZEB1, in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Ectopic H2A.X re-expression partially reverses these changes, as does silencing Slug and ZEB1. In an experimental metastasis model, the HCT116 parental and H2A.X-null cells exhibit a similar metastatic behaviour, but the cells with re-expressed H2A.X are substantially more metastatic. We surmise that H2A.X re-expression leads to partial EMT reversal and increases robustness in the HCT116 cells, permitting them to both form tumours and to metastasize. In a human adenocarcinoma panel, H2A.X levels correlate inversely with Slug and ZEB1 levels. Together, these results point to H2A.X as a regulator of EMT.
