ABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to obtain powders rich in bioactive compounds from maqui berry aqueous extracts by spray drying. First, the process parameters of the maqui aqueous extraction were optimized. The optimal operating conditions were found using an experimental Box-Behnken design with three factors: solvent/fruit ratio (2:1, 3.5:1 and 5:1), extraction temperature (25, 50 and 75 °C) and extraction time (30, 75 and 120 min). Soluble solids content, monomeric anthocyanin content (ACY), total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity in the liquid extracts were analyzed as key responses to find the optimal extraction conditions. Secondly, the best aqueous extract (solvent/fruit ratio = 2:1; extraction temperature = 75 °C and extraction time = 75 min) was subjected to spray drying. The effects of different drying adjuvants (maltodextrin, colloidal silicon dioxide, arabic gum, and microcrystalline cellulose) on the powders flow properties, the process yield (PY), the bioactive compounds content and the superficial color were studied. The product based on colloidal silicon dioxide presented the best powder properties: excellent flowability (α: 30.4 ± 0.7°, CI: 8.0 ± 1.7%), adequate moisture content (4.9 ± 0.3%), very good PY (70 ± 1%), high ACY (1528 ± 41 mg cy-3glu/100 g of powder) and TPC (3936 ± 132 mg GAE/100 g of powder), and a purple hue. This maqui powder offers valuable properties that allow its use, among other applications, as a functional ingredient, natural colorant and nutraceutical product.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sweet cherries are an excellent source of phenolic compounds, which may contribute to a healthy diet. The objective of this work was to generate dehydrated ingredients from postharvest discard of sweet cherries. RESULTS: Four dried ingredients were obtained from fresh sweet cherry discard (Lapins var.) using an osmotic dehydration pretreatment and freeze drying or air drying. The ingredients showed an important phenolic contribution (2.8-6.6 g gallic acid kg-1 of product) and preserved the natural color of the fruit to a great extent. Freeze-dried ingredients were less hygroscopic than air-dried ones, and presented with a softer texture. All the ingredients were in a supercooled state at room temperature (Tg range: -23.0 to -18.8 °C). Sugar infusion pretreatment caused a decrease in water sorption capacity and molecular mobility; it also reduced the initial rehydration rate. CONCLUSION: Relevant differences in nutritional and structural characteristics of the ingredients were observed depending on the processing method used. These ingredients could be incorporated into different processed foods, such as snacks, cereal mixtures, cereal bars, and bakery and confectionery products. Air-dried control ingredients presented better nutritional qualities and air-dried sweet cherries with sugar infusion pretreatment could be appropriate ingredients for applications where sweet flavor and slow rehydration rate are required. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Flavoring Agents/analysis , Food Preservation/methods , Fruit/chemistry , Prunus avium/chemistry , Color , Freeze Drying , Fruit/growth & development , Gallic Acid/analysis , Nutritive Value , Phenols/analysis , Prunus avium/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Periapical lesions, as well as periodontal disease, seems to have cyclic patterns of evolution. Periods of burst may be intercalated with periods of quiescence. Because keratinocyte division must occur during cyst growth, it is presumed that epithelium status could indicate the biological activity of radicular cysts (RCs). Th1 and Th2 are important heterogeneous stages of lymphocyte differentiation. Delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reactions are mediated by Th1 lymphocytes, whereas Th2 populations mediate some types of humoral imune response. Th2 lymphocytes are characterized by high expression of CD30 glycoprotein. Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes have not been evaluated in periapical inflammatory lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CD30+ cells in RCs with atrophic and hyperplastic epithelium. A biotinstreptavidin amplified system was used for identification of CD30 receptor. Results demonstrate increased proportions of Th2 cells in cysts with hyperplastic epithelium. Our results suggest that Th2 cells could be associated with RC growth
