ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Identifying the mechanism underlying the initiation and development of castration-resistant prostate cancer remains challenging. Time to castration-resistant prostate cancer is defined by prostate-specific antigen progression and may represent a risk factor for developing immune alterations with a negative prognostic role in the overall survival of patients with prostate cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of downregulated RB1 and overexpressed SSTR5-AS1 as biomarkers for predicting time to castrationresistant prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical and pathological data of patients with prostate cancer were collected retrospectively. Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 36 patients who received castration were included. Expressions of mRNA of RB1 and SSTR5-AS1 from primary tumors were quantified using quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the first group consisted of patients with Rb1 expression lower than the median and expression of SSTRS5-AS1 higher than the median, and the second group consisted of all the other patients. This study was conducted in compliance with the latest Helsinki Declaration and registered on Elsevier International Standard Randomized Controlled trial number registry. RESULTS: In this study, patients with both downregulated RB1 and overexpressed Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) SSTR5-AS1 showed shorter time to castration-resistant prostate cancer (mean 23.6 ± 3.3 months) compared to other groups (mean 38.3 ± 4.9 months) (log-rank test, P=.028). CONCLUSION: The combination of downregulation of RB1 and overexpression of SSTR5-AS1 is a strong predictor of shorter time to castration-resistant prostate cancer in the Indonesian population. Additionally, patients with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) score >4 did not demonstrate this predictive value on time to castration-resistant prostate cancer.
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated differences in the clinical appearance of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on plasma level and regulation of microRNAs (miRNA-29c, miRNA-21, and miRNA-155). The observational-analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 36 HCC patients and 36 healthy controls. The blood samples were collected from 2 Province Hospitals (Dr. Sardjito Hospital and Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital) for HCC and the Blood Bank Donor of the Indonesian Red Cross for 36 healthy controls. These blood samples were treated as follows: plasma isolation, RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, quantification by qRT-PCR using a sequence-specific forward primer, and normalization of miRNA using housekeeping-stably miRNA-16. There were only 27 HCC patients with complete clinical variables (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet count, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cholinesterase (ChE)) that were able to analyses for regulation miRNAs based on its fold change expression miRNA target. All 27 HCC subjects were follow-up until 3-years of monitoring for their overall survival. The miRNA plasma expression was analyzed by Bio-Rad CFX 96 Manager software to determine the cycle of quantification, followed by the calculation of expression levels using Livak's methods. Data were analyzed using STATA 11.0, with a significant value of p<0.05. The miRNAs expression of HCC subjects were lower than that healthy control subjects in miRNA-29c (down-regulation 1.83-fold), higher than that healthy control subjects in miRNA 21 and miRNA-155 (up-regulation, 1.74-fold; 1.55-fold) respectively. NLR, CRP, ChE, and platelet count showed a significant difference in miRNA-29c regulation, though neutrophil count showed a significant difference in miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 regulation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Plasma biomarkers: miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 might be potential biomarkers as onco-miR in HCC subjects, while miRNA-29c might act as a tumor suppressor. Significant evidence was identified with clinical progression based on the regulation of miRNAs, which was consistent with miRNA -29c.
