[Development of the filaria Litomosoides galizai in the acarian vector]. / Développement de la filaire Litomosoides galizai chez l'acarien vecteur.

L. galizai develops in the gamasid B. bacoti in 11 days at 28 degrees C. Molts I and II take place respectively 5 and 7 days after feeding. The development is studied in the adult female mites; as for the laboratory filaria L. sigmodontis, the interstitial tissue is the main parasitized organ; microfilariae penetrate in the two cell types which constitute it: adipose cells and secretory cells (these secretory cells are described here for the first time). The filariae develop also in the salivary glands, the digestive wall, the genital envelopes and exceptionally in the coxal and vaginal glands. The filariae produce the formation of syncytia. Larvae which stay in the haemocele do not develop.

[The filaria Cercopithifilaria roussilhoni in the tick vector]. / La filaire Cercopithifilaria roussilhoni chez la tique vectrice.

Histological and ultrastructural analysis of the development of C. roussilhoni--a filarial parasite of A. africanus with skin-dwelling microfilariae--in the hexapod, larva of R. sanguineus. The development takes place in the epidermis. The intra-epidermal development, which is rare in the Spirurida, is known in a close filaria, also transmitted by Ixodids, Monanema martini. The slow development of C. roussilhoni and the pronounced changes of the parasitized epidermal syncytium (very large nuclei; expanding nuclear envelop and cellular membrane which form complicated expansions; many dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum) demonstrate the more primitive state of this filaria.

[Localization of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense Broden, 1904 (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in the proboscis of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1850 (Diptera, Glossinidae)]. / Localisation de Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense Broden, 1904 (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) dans le proboscis de Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1850 (Diptera, Glossinidae).

Transverse sections of the proboscis of G. m. morsitans infected with T. (N.) congolense initiated after a single infective blood meal were studied. Trypanosomes were located in the lateral, dorso-ventral and latero-ventral regions of the food canal. Parasites were also found around the whole of the circumference of the canal. Such localizations influence the transmission of trypanosomes and the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis.

[Life cycle of Tetrameres (Microtetrameres) inermis (Linstow, 1879): tetramerid nematode parasite of the weaver Ploceus aurantius in Togo]. / Cycle biologique de Tetrameres (Microtetrameres) inermis (Linstow, 1879), Nématode tetrameridae parasite du tisserin Ploceus aurantius au Togo.

The tetramerid nematode Tetrameres (Microtetrameres) inermis (Linstow, 1879), was found in the weaver Ploceus aurantius in Togo. Its larval biology was studied in experimentally infected orthopterans Tylotropidius patagiatus and Locusta migratoria (Acrididae). The length of infective third-stage larvae of T. (M.) inermis (1.5-1.6 mm) was shorter (2.2-2.6 mm) than those of the larvae of T. (M.) corax and T. (M.) helix. In the family Tetrameridae the primitive nature of the sub-genus Microtetrameres in revealed by the presence of developed pseudolabia which resemble the cephalic structures in the Spiruridae, and by the type of encapsulation of the parasite in the adipose tissue of the insect intermediate host. As with Cyrnea eurycerca (Habronematidae) the infective larvae leave their capsule and are found free in the hemocoele.

[Biological cycle of Acuaria gruveli (Gendre, 1913), acuarid nematode parasite of francolins in Togo]. / Cycle biologique d'Acuaria gruveli (Gendre, 1913), nématode acuaride parasite du francolin au Togo.

Redescription of Acuaria gruveli (Gendre, 1913), parasite of the phasianid bird Francolinus bicalcaratus in Togo. The development of the first three larval stages in experimentally infected Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch (Orthoptera, Acrididae) is described and illustrated. Larvae are infective after 8 to 11 days of development at 30 degrees C. In caudal morphology, infective larvae are similar to those of A. hamulosa. The encapsulation of A gruveli larvae in the skeletal muscles of the insect is compared to the larval encapsulation of A. anthuris, A. depressa, and of the Gongylonematidae. In this respect, the Acuariidae appear better adapted than the Gongylonematidae to the intermediate host.

[Biological cycle of Diplotriaena sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916, an oviparous filarial parasite of the kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis in Togo]. / Cycle biologique de Diplotriaena sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916, filaire ovipare parasite du Martin-pêcheur Halcyon senegalensis au Togo.

An oviparous filarial nematode parasite of the kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis in Togo, is identified as Diplotriaena sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916. The development of the first three larval stages in experimentally infected Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch (Orthoptera, Acrididae) is described and illustrated. Larvae are infective after 14 days of development at 30 degrees C. Their cephalic structures differ from those of the third-stage larvae of the known Diplotriaenidae; on the other hand, they recapitulate the adult cephalic structures of the genus Serratospiculum and confirm the affinity between the Diplotriaeninae and the Dicheilonematinae. As in D. tridens and D. tricuspis, larvae of D. sokolowi are encapsulated in the insect adipose tissue. The cellular encapsulation in Diplotriaenidae is compared with that provoked by Spirurid and Onchocercid nematodes in the adipose tissue of their intermediate host.

[Larval biology of Cyrnea (Cyrnea) eurycerca Seurat, 1914, a habronemid nematode parasite of the francolin in Togo]. / Sur la biologie larvaire de Cyrnea (Cyrnea) eurycerca Seurat, 1914, Nématode Habronème parasite du Francolin au Togo.

Larval biology of the habronemid nematode Cyrnea (Cyrnea) eurycerca Seurat, 1914, parasite of the Double-spurred Francolin Francolinus bicalcaratus, in Togo, is experimentally studied with the orthopteran Acrididae Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch as intermediate host. The first three larval stages are described and illustrated. Infective larvae, which occur after two weeks of development at 30 degrees C, are unusually large (3 mm). The biology of this habronemid nematode is compared with the biology of the other Spirurids. It differs by: --an asynchronous penetration of the first stage larvae in the insect adipose tissue, --a short stay in this tissue (about 5 days) with a cell reaction of encapsulation, followed by an active escape of second stage larvae out of their capsule, --free and movable infective larvae in the hemocoele of the insect.

[Biological cycle of Cyrnea (Procyrnea) mansoni Seurat, 1914, a habronemid nematode parasite of birds of prey in Togo]. / Cycle biologique de Cyrnea (Procyrnea) mansioni Seurat, 1914, nématode habronème parasite des rapaces au Togo.

A habronemid nematode in birds of prey, Milvus migrans Bonaparti and Accipiter badius Linné, in Togo, is identified as Cyrnea (Procyrnea) mansioni (Seurat, 1914). Larval development is experimentally studied in the orthopteran Acrididae Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch. The first three larval stages are described and illustrated. The biology of this spiruroid nematode is distinguished by the unusual rapidity of larval development (infective larvae at 10 days). Comparison of the life cycle of C. mansioni with life cycles of other Habronemid Nematodes parasitizing birds, points out an evolution of larvae from primitive forms of large size and slow development to evolved forms of small size and rapid development. Observations concerning the encapsulation of infective larvae in the intermediate host confirm this larval evolution.

[Retarded schizogony of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii in rodents treated with ethionine or subjected to a methionine deficiency: histological and ultrastructural studies]. / Schizogonie hépatique retardée de Plasmodium yoelii yoelii chez des rongeurs traités par l'éthionine ou carencés en méthionine: Etude histologique et ultrastructurale.

Histological and ultrastructural aspects of acute and chronic pre-erythrocytic schizonts of P. yoelii yoelii were studied with: a) acute schizonts in normal rodents; b) chronic schizonts induced in rodents receiving ethionine injections or on a low methionine diet; Experimentally induced chronic schizonts frequently have the same histological aspect as those observed in wild Thamnomys from Africa. The ultrastructural evolution of the vacuole system described by Seureau et al. in acute schizonts is discussed; new evidence is presented to support the hypothesis according to which the contents of the vacuoles are enzymatic in nature. Ultrastructural studies of chronic schizonts show alterations in the sites of synthesis (zones of rough endoplasmic reticulum small and not numerous, absent in the most delayed schizonts; vesicle system poorly developed and also disturbances of nuclear development (slow division, apparently inhibited in the most retarded forms.) A peripheral accumulation of vacuoles in many chronic schizonts without discharge of their contents to the parasitophorous space, might indicate an alteration of their membranes, leaving them unable to fuse with the schizont plasmalemma.

[Cellular encapsulation of Contortylenchus diplogaster v. Linser. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae) in the fat body of Ips sexdentatus Boern. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (author's transl)]. / Encapsulement cellulaire de Contortylenchus diplogaster v. Linser. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae) dans le tissu apideux d'Ips sexdentatus Boern. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

The parasitic females of C. diplogaster may induce the formation of cellular capsules in I. sexdentatus. This capsules may be free in the body cavity or attached to the fat body of the Insect. Each of them contains one parasitic female accompanied by its eggs and its larvae. They correspond to hypertrophied fat body cells, which become a syncytium. The larvae of Nematode which are inside the capsule, feed on this, and the older capsules are only bags filled with larvae, which will end by breaking themselves and by setting free their content in the body cavity of the host. The phenomenon, here observed in a Tylenchoïdea of which the Insect is the sole host, seems widely distributed in parasitic Nematodes of Insects, for it is already known in the Spiruroïdea and Filarioïdea. Otherwise, while the parasitic adults of all other species of Allantonematidae are considered to be free in the body cavity of their host, C. diplogaster may have a part of its life cycle inside the fat body of the host.

[About the encapsulation of maupasina weissi (Nematoda, Subuluroidea) in the experimental intermediate host Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera) (author's transl)]. / Sur l'encapsulement de Maupasina weissi (Nématode, Subuluroidea) chez Locusta migratoria (Insecte, Orthopotére), hote, intermédiaire expérimental.

Infective larvae of Maupasine weissi (Nematoda, Subuluroidea) are encapsulated in the adipose tissue of the Insect intermediate host where they elicit a hemocytic reaction. This encapsulation is ambiguous when compared with those of Subulurid and Spirurid Nematodes. It shows a defective adaptation of the parasite to the intermediate host.

[Studies on the Echinonematinae (Nematoda)]. / Sur les nématodes echinonematinae.

Complementary data on the Echinonematinae have been obtained by study of "The Australian Helminth Collection, formerly the Univeristy of Adelaide, Department of Zoology Helminth Collection, currently housed in the South Australial Museum", and by a morphological and biological study of new material. The Echinonematinae actually known are the following: -- Seurechina chaneeti n. gen., n. sp., parasite of Dasyurus hallucatus (West Australia) does not have large cephalic hooks but about 50 rings of spines covering the anterior fifth of the body. -- Inglechina australis (Inglis and Mawson, 1967) n. gen., n. comb., a parasite of Sminthopsis crassicaudata (South Australia) has 3 rings of large cephalic hooks, but no special cuticular structures in the cervical region. -- Echinonema v. Linstow, 1898, is a parasite of Dasyuridae and Peramelidae. The head bears 3 rings of large hooks and the cervical region about 15 rings of hooks of medium size. The females are monodelphic. -- E. edmondsi n. sp. from Dasyurus hallucatus (Northern Territory) has a long oesophagus and cephalic hooks of the first circle longer than those of the second one. -- E. cinctum von Linstow, 1898, from Isoodon macarourus (N.E. of Australia) has a long oesophagus and cephalic hooks of the second circle longer than those of the first one. -- E. meridionalis n. sp., from Isoodon obesulus (S.E. of Australia) has a short oesophagus and precloacal spines in males. -- E. inglisi n. sp. (= E. cinctum sensu Inglis, 1967), from Isoodon obesulus (Western Australia) has a short oesophagus and no precloacal spines in males. -- E. spp.: the different shapes of the tail in males are illustrated for E. sp. from Perameles and for E. sp. from Isoodon of Tasmania. -- E. cinctum developed experimentally in the Orthoptera Locusta migratoria. The cellular reactions (simple haemocytic capsule) and the morphology of the infective stage are primitive and seem to be intermediate between the Subuluroid and Seuratoid types. The Echinonematinae are interpreted as having been derived from ancestors close to Seuratum (parasite of bats), which adapted to a particular group of Australian marsupials ad evolved a characteristic structure for attachment to host tissues. However they have retained a primitive biology.

[The Gongylonematid parasitic in the elephant shrew Elephantus rozeti (Macrocelidae) in Tunisia was identified as Gongylonema brevispiculum Seurat, 1914 (author's transl)]. / Identification et biologie du Gongylonème parasite du Macroscélide en Tunisie.

Its larval form obtained from experimentally infected intermediate hosts, differs from those of other Gongylonematids. In the genus Gongylonema four types of larvae were recognized. They are characterized by the size and the cephalic and caudal structures of the larvae. The cellular reactions caused by the larvae of G. brevispiculum in the insect muscles are similar to those caused by infections with larvae of Acuarid nematodes.

[Biological cycle of the nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatites (Multipectines) affinis (Jägerskiold, 1904) (author's transl)]. / Cycle biologique du Nématode rictulaire Pterygodermatites (Multipectines) affinis (Jagerskiold, 1904)

Infestant larva of the Nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatities affinis (Jägerskiold, 1904) are localized in Pimelia: Tachyderma hispida Forskael of Algeria. Through the infestation of a young cat, embryonated eggs are collected after 38 days of development altogether with a female parasite. The experimental cycle of this rictulariid nematode in Locusta migratoria is characterized by the shortness of its development and the similarity in growth during the first and second larval stages. The cellular reaction of the Insect to the larva P. affinis is weaker in the Pimelia than in the Grasshopper, used as experimental host.

[On the organogenesis of Seuratum cadarachense Desportes, 1947 (Nematoda Seuratoidea) and the cellular reactions of the intermediate insect host Locusta migratoria (author's transl)]. / Sur l'organogenèse de Seuratum cadarachense Desportes, 1947 (Nematoda Seuratoidea) et les réactions cellulaires de l'insecte Locusta migratoria, hôte intermédiaire

The adaptation of primitive heteroxenous nematodes, parasites of vertebrates, to the intermediate host, is detailed by studying the organogenesis of the first larval stages of the Seuratoid nematode Seuratum cadarachense and an histological approach of the cellular reactions caused by the penetration and the development of the parasite in the insect Locusta migratoria. The larval organization of Seuratum at hatching is similar to that of Subuluridae and characterized by a large number of initial cells: among them, eight cells alined in a row forming the intestinal primordia, and two mesenchymal cells. In Seuratum, as in Subulurid in general, the first larval stage has a slow development. The larval migration occurs in the wall of the mesenteron. Hemocytic capsules are observed in the hemocoel in contact with the muscle fibers of the mesenteron. Some of them show necrotic features which bear witness to an imperfect adaptation of the nematode to the intermediate host.