Hábitos saludables en la niñez y la adolescencia en los entornos rurales. Un estudio descriptivo y comparativo / Healthy habits in childhood and adolescence in rural areas. A descriptive and comparative study

Introducción: la promoción de estilos de vida saludables para el cuidado de la salud es una prioridad en la Unión Europea, iniciándose en la infancia la adquisición de dichos hábitos. Objetivos: conocer los hábitos alimentarios, de sueño, de actividad física y de ocio sedentario, la imagen corporal y el percentil del índice de masa corporal en niños y adolescentes de Castilla-La Mancha. Explorar las posibles diferencias entre las variables evaluadas de niños y adolescentes. Métodos:estudio descriptivo y transversal con 293 participantes (n = 197 niños y n = 96 adolescentes). Instrumentos: báscula y estadímetro para medidas antropométricas y preguntas del formulario de la encuesta incluido en el programa Red Cántabra de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud y Schools for Health in Europe. Resultados:un porcentaje elevado de niños y adolescentes refieren tener hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, existiendo diferencias significativas en la omisión del desayuno (f = 6,820; p = 0,009; η2 = 0,023) y en el consumo de pescado (f = 8,901; p = 0,003; η2 = 0,030); los índices son peores en los adolescentes, entre los que un 35,4 % manifiestan no realizar el desayuno, frente al 21,4 % de los niños, y un 57,3 % responden que nunca o solo una vez a la semana consumen pescado, frente al 41,1 % de los niños. Respecto al sueño, existen diferencias significativas entre los niños y los adolescentes (f = 69,70; p = 0,000; η2 = 0,193), siendo también los resultados peores en estos últimos, pues el 28,1 % de los adolescentes refieren dormir menos de 7 horas al día, frente a un 8,6 % de los niños. Destacan el poco tiempo dedicado a la actividad física intensa y la declaración de falta de tiempo como barrera percibida para la práctica de la actividad física, que afectan al 49 % de los adolescentes y al 27,5 % de los niños. (AU)

Introduction: the promotion of healthy lifestyles for health care is a priority in the European Union, and the acquisition of these habits begins during childhood. Objectives: to know the eating, sleep, physical activity and sedentary leisure habits, body image, and body mass index percentile among children and adolescents in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. To explore potential differences between children and adolescents in the measured variables. Method: this was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with 293 subjects (n = 197 children and n = 96 adolescents). Instruments: scale and stadimeter for anthropometric measurements, and items chosen from the Cantabrian Network of Health Promoting Schools and Schools for Health in Europe. Results: a high percentage of children and adolescents report having inadequate eating habits, with significant differences in the omission of breakfast (f = 6.820; p = 0.009; η2 = 0.023) and in the consumption of fish (f = 8.901; p = 0.003; η2 = 0.030); this was worse among adolescents, where 35.4 % say they do not eat breakfast compared to 21.4 % of children, and 57.3 % say they never eat fish or only do so once a week, compared to 41.1 % of children. Regarding sleep, there are significant differences between children and adolescents (f = 69.70; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.193), with the latter also having the worst results since 28.1 % of adolescents report sleeping less than 7 hours a day, compared with 8.6 % of children. It is worth mentioning the short amount of time devoted to intense physical activity and the declaration of lack of time as perceived barrier to physical activity, reported by 49 % of adolescents and 27.5 % of children. Lastly, sedentary leisure at both stages stands out, with 78.2 % of adolescents and 44.6 % of children spending more than three hours a day watching television, and 74 % of adolescents and 28 % of children playing more than three hours with different technologies. (AU)

[Healthy habits in childhood and adolescence in rural areas. A descriptive and comparative study]. / Hábitos saludables en la niñez y la adolescencia en los entornos rurales. Un estudio descriptivo y comparativo.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the promotion of healthy lifestyles for health care is a priority in the European Union, and the acquisition of these habits begins during childhood. Objectives: to know the eating, sleep, physical activity and sedentary leisure habits, body image, and body mass index percentile among children and adolescents in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. To explore potential differences between children and adolescents in the measured variables. Method: this was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with 293 subjects. Instruments: scale and stadimeter for anthropometric measurements, and items chosen from the Cantabrian Network of Health Promoting Schools and Schools for Health in Europe. Results: a high percentage of children and adolescents report having inadequate eating habits, with significant differences in the omission of breakfast (F = 6.820; p = 0.009; η2 = 0.023) and in the consumption of fish (F = 8.901; p = 0.003; η2 = 0.030); this was worse among adolescents, where 35.4 % say they do not eat breakfast compared to 21.4 % of children, and 57.3 % say they never eat fish or only do so once a week, compared to 41.1 % of children. Regarding sleep, there are significant differences between children and adolescents (F = 69.70; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.193), with the latter also having the worst results since 28.1 % of adolescents report sleeping less than 7 hours a day, compared with 8.6 % of children. It is worth mentioning the short amount of time devoted to intense physical activity and the declaration of lack of time as perceived barrier to physical activity, reported by 49 % of adolescents and 27.5 % of children. Lastly, sedentary leisure at both stages stands out, with 78.2 % of adolescents and 44.6 % of children spending more than three hours a day watching television, and 74 % of adolescents and 28 % of children playing more than three hours with different technologies. Conclusions: this study shows that adolescents have poorer healthy habits than children in rural areas. The need to increase programs for the development and promotion of healthy lifestyles devoted to younger children and developed by the various agencies responsible for health care is highlighted.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la promoción de estilos de vida saludables para el cuidado de la salud es una prioridad en la Unión Europea, iniciándose en la infancia la adquisición de dichos hábitos. Objetivos: conocer los hábitos alimentarios, de sueño, de actividad física y de ocio sedentario, la imagen corporal y el percentil del índice de masa corporal en niños y adolescentes de Castilla-La Mancha. Explorar las posibles diferencias entre las variables evaluadas de niños y adolescentes. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal con 293 participantes. Instrumentos: báscula y estadímetro para medidas antropométricas y preguntas del formulario de la encuesta incluido en el programa Red Cántabra de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud y Schools for Health in Europe. Resultados: un porcentaje elevado de niños y adolescentes refieren tener hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, existiendo diferencias significativas en la omisión del desayuno (F = 6,820; p = 0,009; η2 = 0,023) y en el consumo de pescado (F = 8,901; p = 0,003; η2 = 0,030); los índices son peores en los adolescentes, entre los que un 35,4 % manifiestan no realizar el desayuno, frente al 21,4 % de los niños, y un 57,3 % responden que nunca o solo una vez a la semana consumen pescado, frente al 41,1 % de los niños. Respecto al sueño, existen diferencias significativas entre los niños y los adolescentes (F = 69,70; p = 0,000; η2 = 0,193), siendo también los resultados peores en estos últimos, pues el 28,1 % de los adolescentes refieren dormir menos de 7 horas al día, frente a un 8,6 % de los niños. Destacan el poco tiempo dedicado a la actividad física intensa y la declaración de falta de tiempo como barrera percibida para la práctica de la actividad física, que afectan al 49 % de los adolescentes y al 27,5 % de los niños. Destaca el ocio sedentario en ambas etapas, pues un 78,2 % de los adolescentes y 44,6 % de los niños dedican más de tres horas al día a ver la televisión, y el 74 % de los adolescentes y el 28 % de los niños juegan más de tres horas con diferentes tecnologías. Conclusiones: este estudio evidencia que los adolescentes de las zonas rurales muestran peores hábitos saludables que los niños. Se destaca la necesidad de incrementar los programas de desarrollo y promoción de estilos de vida saludables dirigidos a los más pequeños, y desarrollados desde los distintos organismos a cargo de la salud.

Can Parental Body Dissatisfaction Predict That of Children? A Study on Body Dissatisfaction, Body Mass Index, and Desire to Diet in Children Aged 9-11 and Their Families.

Body image has been associated with self-care and the assumption of either healthy habits or poor diets and eating disorders. As a vital element in the formation of a positive body image, the role of the family in childhood has been highlighted by a few studies. This study aimed to assess whether children's body dissatisfaction could be predicted by their parents' body dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), and approach to change. The sample consisted of 581 participants (366 parents and 215 children). The following instruments were used: anthropometric data, the Brief Scale of Body Dissatisfaction for Children, the IMAGE questionnaire (approach to change and drive for muscularity subscales), and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness subscales). The results indicated that 19% of children, 22.8% of mothers, and 70.2% of fathers were overweight or obese. The multiple regression models developed for boys and girls explained 60 and 57% of the variance in body dissatisfaction, respectively. Several variables attributable to the mother (higher approach to change, higher drive for thinness, and higher BMI) and to the boys themselves (drive for muscularity, approach to change, and having a high BMI percentile) predicted a higher level of body dissatisfaction. For girls, only variables regarding themselves (approach to change, age, and BMI percentile) explained their body dissatisfaction. Relationships with the traits of the father were not detected for both models. The influence of sociocultural factors on the construction of gender and the negative consequences of mothers' dieting for aesthetic purposes, on the development of children's body image, are discussed.