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1.
Sci Total Environ ; 915: 169818, 2024 Mar 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38184247

ABSTRACT

Sewage sludge is a valuable source of elements such as phosphorus and nitrogen. At the same time, heavy metals, emerging organic compounds, micropollutants (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, PCPs, microplastics), or some potentially dangerous bacteria can be present. In this study, the sewage sludge was aerobically treated by composting with other materials (co-composted), and the resulting substrate was tested for suitability of its use in agriculture. Closer attention was focused on the pharmaceuticals (non-steroidal antiphlogistics, sartanes, antiepileptics, caffeine, and nicotine metabolites) content and ecotoxicity of the resulting substrates in the individual phases of sludge co-composting. It has been verified that during co-composting there is a potential for reduction of the content of pharmaceutical in the substrates up to 90 %. The course of the temperature in the thermophilic phase is decisive. Growth and ecotoxicity experiments demonstrated that with a suitable co-composting procedure, the resulting stabilized matter is suitable as a substrate for use in plant production, and the risk of using sewage sludge on agricultural land is substantially reduced.


Subject(s)
Composting , Sewage/chemistry , Soil/chemistry , Plastics , Technology , Pharmaceutical Preparations
2.
Molecules ; 25(21)2020 Nov 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33172179

ABSTRACT

Ionic liquids are increasingly used for their superior properties. Four water-immiscible ionic liquids (butyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, octyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, dodecyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and their water miscible precursors (bromides) were synthesized in a microwave reactor and by conventional heating. The best conditions for microwave-assisted synthesis concerning the yield and the purity of the product are proposed. The heating in the microwave reactor significantly shortened the reaction time. Biocide and ecotoxic effects of synthesized ionic liquids and their precursors were investigated. All tested compounds had at least a little effect on the growth or living of microorganisms (bacteria or mold). The precursor dodecyltriethylammonium bromide was found to be the strongest biocide, but posed a risk to the aquatic environment due to its relatively high EC50 value in the test with Vibrio fischeri. We assumed that apart from the alkyl chain length, the solubility in water, duration of action, or type of anion can influence the final biocide and ecotoxic effect.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Ionic Liquids/chemical synthesis , Ionic Liquids/pharmacology , Aliivibrio fischeri/drug effects , Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Ecotoxicology/methods , Imidazoles/chemistry , Microwaves , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemical synthesis , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
3.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 131: 37-44, 2016 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27179608

ABSTRACT

Organic friction materials are standardly used in brakes of small planes, railroad vehicles, trucks and passenger cars. The growing transportation sector requires a better understanding of the negative impact related to the release of potentially hazardous materials into the environment. This includes brakes which can release enormous quantities of wear particulates. This paper addresses in vitro detection of toxic and mutagenic potency of one model and two commercially available low-metallic automotive brake pads used in passenger cars sold in the EU market. The model pad made in the laboratory was also subjected to a standardized brake dynamometer test and the generated non-airborne wear particles were also investigated. Qualitative "organic composition" was determined by GC/MS screening of dichloromethane extracts. Acute toxicity and mutagenicity of four investigated sample types were assessed in vitro by bioluminescence assay using marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and by two bacterial bioassays i) Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium His(-) and ii) SOS Chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 strain. Screening of organic composition revealed a high variety of organic compounds present in the initial brake pads and also in the generated non-airborne wear debris. Several detected compounds are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans, e. g. benzene derivatives. Acute toxicity bioassay revealed a response of bacterial cells after exposure to all samples used. Phenolic resin and wear debris were found to be acutely toxic; however in term of mutagenicity the response was negative. All non-friction exposed brake pad samples (a model pad and two commercial pad samples) were mutagenic with metabolic activation in vitro.


Subject(s)
Escherichia coli/drug effects , Formaldehyde/toxicity , Metals/toxicity , Organic Chemicals/toxicity , Phenols/toxicity , Polymers/toxicity , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Automobiles , Carcinogens , Escherichia coli/genetics , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Metals/chemistry , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens , Organic Chemicals/chemistry , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
4.
Water Res ; 47(19): 7143-8, 2013 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24210510

ABSTRACT

Use of fungal organisms in rotating biological contactors (RBC) for bioremediation of liquid industrial wastes has so far been limited in spite of their significant biodegradation potential. The purpose was to investigate the power of RBC using Irpex lacteus for decolorization and detoxification of industrial dyes and dyeing textile liquors. Recalcitrant dye Methylene Blue (150 mg L(-1)) was decolorized within 70 days, its mutagenicity removed, and the biological toxicity decreased more than 10-fold. I. lacteus biofilm in the RBC completely decolorized within 26 and 47 days dyeing liquors containing disperse or reactive dyes adjusted to pH4.5 and 5-fold diluted with the growth medium, respectively. Their respective biological toxicity values were reduced 10- to 10(4)-fold in dependence of the test used. A battery of toxicity tests comprising Vibrio fisheri, Lemna minor and Sinapis alba was efficient to monitor the toxicity of textile dyes and wastewaters. Strong decolorization and detoxification power of RBC using I. lacteus biofilms was demonstrated.


Subject(s)
Coloring Agents/metabolism , Methylene Blue/metabolism , Polyporales/metabolism , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Wastewater , Aliivibrio fischeri/drug effects , Araceae/drug effects , Biodegradation, Environmental , Bioreactors , Color , Magnoliopsida/drug effects , Textile Industry , Toxicity Tests , Waste Disposal, Fluid/instrumentation , Wastewater/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
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