Mitigation of chromium-induced phytotoxicity in 28-homobrassinolide treated Trigonella corniculata L. by modulation of oxidative biomarkers and antioxidant system.

Chromium (Cr) is one of the toxic heavy metals that disturbs growth and physiological properties of plants. During the current study, Trigonella corniculata L. (Fenugreek) was exposed to different levels of Cr in potted soil. Chromium toxicity reduced fiber, ash, moisture, carbohydrate, protein, fats, and flavonoid content of T. corniculata. Considering the stress relieving effect of 28-homobrassinolide (28-HBR), seeds of T. corniculata were primed with different concentration of 28-HBR i.e., 0, 5, 10, and 20 µmol L-1. Application of 28-HBR reversed the toxic effect of Cr through improvement in activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Conclusively, 10 µmol L-1 28-HBR increased Cr tolerance in T. corniculata seedlings due to reduction in oxidative stress markers. It is further proposed that 28-HBR is an effective stress ameliorant to relive plants from various abiotic stresses.

Iron oxide nanoparticles and selenium supplementation improve growth and photosynthesis by modulating antioxidant system and gene expression of chlorophyll synthase (CHLG) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) in arsenic-stressed Cucumis melo.

Current research reveals the positive role of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and selenium (Se) in extenuation of arsenic (As) induced toxicity in Cucumis melo. C. melo plants grown in As spiked soil (20 mg kg-1 As) showed reduced growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductivity and transpiration. On the other hand, the alone applications of IONPs or Se improved growth and physiochemical parameters of C. melo plants. Additionally, exogenous application IONPs and Se synergistically improved the activity of antioxidative enzymes and glyoxalase system in C. melo plants. In addition, the collective treatment of IONPs and Se reduced As uptake, enhanced rate of photosynthesis and increased gas exchange attributes of C. melo plants under As stress. Interactive effect of IONPs and Se regulated reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ascorbate (AsA) content in C. melo plants exposed to As-contaminated Soil. IONPs and Se treatment also regulated expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologue D (RBOHD) gene, chlorophyll synthase (CHLG) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). Therefore, the combined treatment of IONPs and Se may enhance the growth of crop plants by alleviating As stress.

Iron Oxide and Silicon Nanoparticles Modulate Mineral Nutrient Homeostasis and Metabolism in Cadmium-Stressed Phaseolus vulgaris.

The application of nanoparticles (NPs) has been proved as an efficient and promising technique for mitigating a wide range of stressors in plants. The present study elucidates the synergistic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in the attenuation of Cd toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris. Seeds of P. vulgaris were treated with IONPs (10 mg/L) and SiNPs (20 mg/L). Seedlings of uniform size were transplanted to pots for 40 days. The results demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced growth, net photosynthetic rate, and gas exchange attributes in P. vulgaris plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil. Synergistic application of IONPs and SiNPs raised not only K+ content, but also biosynthesis of polyamines (PAs), which alleviated Cd stress in P. vulgaris seedlings. Additionally, NPs decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) in P. vulgaris plants exposed to Cd stress. These findings suggest that stress alleviation was mainly attributed to the enhanced accumulation of K+ content, improved antioxidant defense system, and higher spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) levels. It is suggested that various forms of NPs can be applied synergistically to minimize heavy metal stress, thus increasing crop production under stressed conditions.

Biotreatment potential of co-contaminants hexavalent chromium and polychlorinated biphenyls in industrial wastewater: Individual and simultaneous prospects.

Co-existence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the environment due to effluent from industries has aggravated the pollution problem. Both contaminants can alter chemical interactions, processes and impair enzymatic activities in the ecosystem that results in negative impacts on aquatic and terrestrial life. Previously, research has been performed for the fate and transfer of these contaminants individually, but simultaneous removal approaches have not received much attention. Cr(VI) exists in a highly toxic form in the environment once released, whereas location of chlorine atoms in the ring determines PCBs toxicity. Lower chlorinated compounds are easily degradable whereas as high chlorinated compounds require sequential strategy for transformation. Microorganisms can develop different mechanism to detoxify both pollutants. However, occurrence of multiple contaminants in single system can alter the bioremediation efficiency of bacteria. Use of metal resistance bacterial for the degradation of organic compounds has been widely used bioaugmentation strategy. Along with that use of sorbents/bio sorbents, biosurfactants and phytoremediation approaches have already been well reported. Bioremediation strategy with dual potential to detoxify the Cr(VI) and PCBs would be a probable option for simultaneous biotreatment. Application of bioreactors and biofilms covered organic particles can be utilized as efficient bioaugmentation approach. In this review, biotreatment systems and bacterial oxidative and reductive enzymes/processes are explained and possible biotransformation pathway has been purposed for bioremediation of co-contaminated waters.