Atrioventricular Block: A Heralding Sign of Cardiac Allograft Rejection.

Heart transplantation is the treatment of choice for those with end-stage heart failure. However, despite improvements in immunosuppressive treatment, patients are at significant risk of allograft rejection, especially early after transplantation. Any changes in patient's heart condition including reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, arrhythmia and any types of blocks need attention. Herein we report on a 29-year-old man who underwent heart transplantation 5 years before due to dilated cardiomyopathy. He was on immunosuppressive therapy and was good until one week before his admission, when he felt palpitation. Electrocardiography during palpitation showed a second-degree AV-block with heart rate of 60 beats/min. Echocardiography showed good left ventricular systolic function with no regional wall motion abnormality. The patient referred for coronary angiography and endomyocardial biopsy. The angiography was normal. The biopsy showed rejection compatible with ISHLT grade 2R. After treating the patient with 1.5 g methylprednisolone, the symptoms relieved and the block resolved. Bradycardia and second-degree AV-block late after heart transplantation could be a sign of cardiac allograft rejection and need more evaluation, especially endomyocardial biopsy.

The First Experience of Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) in Iran: An Effective Method to Increase Suitable Lung for Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Although lung transplantation is a well-accepted treatment for end-stage lung diseases patients, only 15%-20% of the brain-dead donors' lungs are usable for transplantation. This results in high mortality of candidates on waiting lists. Ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a novel method for better evaluation of a potential lung for transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To report the first experience of EVLP in Iran. METHODS: The study included a pig in Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria, and 4 humans in Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All brain-dead donors from 2013 to 2015 in Tehran were evaluated for EVLP. Donors without signs of severe chest trauma or pneumonia, with poor oxygenation were included. RESULTS: An increasing trend in difference between the pulmonary arterial pO2 and left atrial pO2, an increasing pattern in dynamic lung compliance, and a decreasing trend in the pulmonary vascular resistance, were observed. CONCLUSION: The initial experience of EVLP in Iran was successful in terms of important/critical parameters. The results emphasize on some important considerations such as precisely following standard lung harvesting and monitoring temperature and pressure. EVLP technique may not be a cost-effective option for low-income countries at first glance. However, because this is the only therapeutic treatment for end-stage lung disease, it is advisable to continue working on this method to find alternatives with lesser costs.

Efficacy of recruitment maneuver for improving the brain dead marginal lungs to ideal.

BACKGROUND: Because of the shortage of lungs for transplantation, finding the suitable lungs in brain-dead donors is an important issue. Recruitment maneuver is a strategy aimed at re-expanding collapsed and edematous lung tissue. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of this maneuver on improving marginal lungs for transplantation. METHODS: From 127 brain-dead potential donor which were evaluated for lung donation in Masih Daneshvari Organ Procurement Unit of Tehran, Iran, 31 (25%) had marginal lungs for transplantation. These donors had normal chest X ray or bilateral infiltration and had PaO2 200-300 mm Hg with FIO2 100%. The recruitment maneuver was performed and arterial blood gas was obtained before and after maneuver. The maneuver lasts for 2 hours with continuous check of O2 saturation and patient's hemodynamic during. Finally, patients with normal bronchoscopy and PaO2/FIO2 >300 mm Hg were considered good candidates for lung transplantation. The frequency (%) and mean ± SD were used for description of variables and the Wilcoxon test was used for comparison between pre- and post-maneuver PaO2 with FIO2 100%. RESULTS: The mean ± SD of PaO2/FIO2 with 100% FIO2 of patients before and after recruitment were 239 ± 62 and 269 ± 91, respectively. Recruitment maneuver could convert 10 marginal lungs (32%) to appropriate ones (PaO2 > 300) and finally 8 lungs were transplanted. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study showed that recruitment maneuver could convert inappropriate lungs to appropriate ones in one third of brain-dead patients who had marginal lung condition. So, it is recommended that this maneuver is considered in the assessment protocol of lungs for donation.

Causes of family refusal for organ donation.

INTRODUCTION: Family refusal represents a barrier for organ donation together with other cultural and religious factors possible ignorance and clinical obstacles. METHODS: We performed this retrospective study by phone employing our organ procurement unit database, using a list of families of potential organ donors who had refused organ donation. RESULTS: In 2009, 146 potential organ donor families refused donation. We contacted 81 families. The main reason expressed by there families to justify the refusal to donate the deceased's organs was denial and rejection of brain-death criteria (44.4%). Other causes were believing in a miracle (13.6%); fear about organ trade and unknown organ destination (9.9%); religious beliefs (8.6%); insecutrity about the brain-death diagnosis (6.2%); unstable family mood (6.2%); unknown donor wishes about donation (4.9%); belief in body integrity after death (3.7%); and fear of objection by other family members (2.5%). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed several reasons for family refusal for organ donation; among the main cause is poor acceptance of brain death. It seems that increasing the knowledge of people about brain death and organizing strategies to confirm brain death for families are necessary to meet the organ shortage.

Attitudes toward organ donation: a survey on Iranian teachers.

BACKGROUND: Organs from brain dead patients are the main source for transplantation. However, in most societies, including Iran, the family consent rate for organ donation is low necessitating improvements in public knowledge. Because teachers' knowledge has an important role to educate the next generations, this study assessed their knowledge and attitudes about brain death and organ donation. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included, 93 teachers selected from eight schools in Tehran, Iran, in 2009. We used a standardized questionnaire containing items which inquired about knowledge and attitudes of the participants regarding brain death and organ donation. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 37 years and 48 (52%) were males. Eighty-seven (94%) of them had heard or read about organ donation, among whom 91% favored organ donation. The main sources of their information were television, radio, and newspapers. Sixty-five (70%) were willing to donate their own organs after death. Those with lower organ donation desire were in contact with a small number of patients who have chronic diseases, had less trust in organ donation networks and brain death diagnostic tools, expressed less desire to receive an organ, and had a low record of blood donation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that although most teachers had heard or read about brain death and organ donation, and approved of organ donation after death, a lack of exposure to patients with chronic diseases and a distrust of organ donation networks were greater among teachers with a lower desire to participate in this effort. Therefore, building trust in brain death diagnostic systems is necessary together with relevant educational programs.

Microbial pattern of bronchoalveolar lavage in brain dead donors.

BACKGROUND: We assessed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures of brain dead donors seeking to achieve better donor management and decrease transplant complications. Determining the most common source of some postoperative infections causing morbidity and mortality among lung recipients would help to reach this goal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was performed on 80 brain dead donors from August 2008 to August 2009. Donors with partial pressure of arterial O2 to the fraction of inspired O2 (PaO2/FIO2)>300 mm Hg and a normal chest x-ray underwent bronchoscopy to obtain a BAL. FINDINGS: The mean donor age was 30±14 years and 50 (63%) were males with 21 (26%) showing a positive history for smoking and 32 (40%) with turbid tracheal secretions. Chest x-ray was abnormal in 49 (61%). Positive culture BAL results were observed among 30 (38%) patients: there were 17 (90%) bacterial and 6 (22%) fungal. Finally, 16 donors (20%) were considered suitable lung donors, allowing 10 lung transplantations. CONCLUSION: Only 20% of donors had acceptable lungs for transplantation. The high rates of positive bacterial and fungal BAL cultures in donors suggest the need for more aggressive critical care management and antibiotic therapy which may be beneficial to prevent future infections in recipients. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the correlation between donor BAL results and posttransplant morbidity and mortality.

Survival of Iranian patients on lung transplant waiting list: is there any difference?

OBJECTIVE: Lung transplantation is the last treatment option for end-stage pulmonary diseases. Reviewing the characteristics of patients on the lung transplant waiting list is a helpful way to evaluate and prioritize the patients in need of special care. Because we have no information about mortality on the lung transplantation waiting list in Iran, the aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and survival rates of these patients. METHODS: The file of lung transplant candidates listed between 2005 and 2010 were evaluated for patient demographic data, type of disorder, waiting list time, and outcomes of death, transplantation, or alive. RESULTS: The 131 patients on our list in this period revealed a mean age of 37±14 years with 86 (66%) males. The most common disorder among waiting list patients was pulmonary fibrosis (n=52; 40%). Among the 17 (13%) patients who were transplanted, most (35%) suffered from pulmonary fibrosis. The mean waiting time to transplantation was 17.2±11.8 months. Twenty-two patients (7%) died while on the waiting list. The mortality rate was unexpectedly highest among cystic fibrosis patients and then those with bronchiectasis. The mean survival time for all non-transplant patients based on the Kaplan-Meier method was 27.4 months and their 2-year survival rate was 74% based on life tables. CONCLUSION: Although pulmonary fibrosis patients show the poorest survival on lung transplant waiting lists, in other countries, patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis displayed the worst survival on the Iranian list probably due to their poor rehabilitation and sputum evacuation. We concluded that it is necessary for every center to evaluate the characteristics of its patient cohort to match the activity according to the needs.

Concomitant cryptococcosis and burkholderia infection in an asymptomatic lung transplant patient with cystic fibrosis.

Concomitant pulmonary infections with Cryptococcus neoformans and Burkholderia cepacia in lung transplant recipients are very rare and create unique diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Herein, we present a double lung transplant patient with cystic fibrosis who was found to have coinfection with these two rare organisms, though he was completely asymptomatic.

Eight years of lung transplantation: experience of the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation has evolved from an experimental procedure to a viable therapeutic option in many countries. In Iran, the first single-lung transplantation was performed in the year 2000, more than 3 decades after the first successful procedure in the world, and the first double-lung transplantation was performed in the year 2006. OBJECTIVE: To describe our 8-year experience in lung transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During 8 years, we performed 24 lung transplantation procedures. Underlying lung diseases were pulmonary fibrosis in 16 patients (66.6%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2 (8.3%); bronchiectasis in 5, including 2 patients with cystic fibrosis (20.8%), and alveolar microlithiasis in 1 (4.16%). Data for all patients were collected and analyzed. Procedures were carried out using standardized methods. The induction suppression regimen consisted of cyclosporine and methylprednisolone. Maintenance immunosuppression drugs were cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil, and tapering dosage of prednisolone. Patients were followed up with physical examinations, 3 times a week, as well as and cycle ergometry 3 times a week and spirometry and laboratory tests once a week and chest radiography per needed for up to 3 months posttransplantation. RESULTS: The longest survival time was 7.2 years, in a 60-year-old patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Fourteen patients died, 8 as a result of hemodynamic instability and/or hemorrhage, 1 as a result of bone and fat emboli, 3 after cessation of drug and 2 of them after infection. CONCLUSION: Although lung transplantation is a complex procedure it can be performed in developing countries such as Iran.