Catastrophic Health Expenditure before and after of the Implementation of Health Sector Evolution Plan in Iran.

Introduction: One of the fundamental goals of health transportation plan (HTP) in Iran is to improve household's financial protection against catastrophic health expenditures (CHE). The aim of this study was to calculate the percentage of catastrophic health expenditures after implementing the plan and compare it with CHE before the plan for the same households. Methods: Data were collected through face-to-face interviews for 400 households. The CHE was calculated using the WHO approach, and relationships between CHE and the variables (having member ≥65 years old, having member ≤5 years old, having disabled member, economic status, health insurance status, dentistry services usage, and inpatient and outpatient services usage) were examined by the Fisher's exact test. Moreover, the impacts of the variables on CHE were assessed by logistic regression model. Stata version 15 was used for data analyses. Results: The exposure of the households to CHE increased from 8.3% in 2011 to 14.2% in 2020, and percentage of the impoverished households due to health expenditures in 2020 was more than that of the 2011 (4.3% vs 7.5%). The economic status, having members ≥65 years, and using dental and inpatient services were the key factors determining the CHE. The most important determinant affecting the exposure to CHE was dental services utilization in 2011 (92.64) and 2020 (122.68). Conclusion: The results showed a negative incremental change for the households facing CHE in this period. The dental and inpatient services need to be more widely covered by basic health insurance and households having members ≥65 years along with the poor households should be exempted from paying some of the healthcare expenditures for improving their financial protection against CHE.

Transformational Leadership Style and Employee Creativity: A Case Study in Yazd Medical University.

The present study was conducted to explore the relationship between transformational leadership style and employee creativity in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2014. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample of 365 workers from Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences conducted in 2014. Three questionnaires (including transformational leadership style, creative atmosphere, and employee creativity) were used to collect data. Correlation coefficient tests, along with coefficient of determination, scatter diagrams, and regression analysis, were applied to respond the research questions. Findings revealed a significant correlation between transformational leadership style and its components with creative atmosphere and also between creative atmosphere and its components with employee creativity. A direct statistically significant relation between transformational leadership style and its components with employee creativity was also confirmed (P < .05). This study highlights the critical role of transformational leadership in employee creativity and recommends managers to regularly allocate their time in implementation and expansion of such a leadership style to create a creative atmosphere in accordance with organization's goals and subsequently increase personnel creativity.